Development of a Rubber Recycling Process Based on a Single-Component Interfacial Adhesive
Source abstract
Abstract
A simple and cost-effective adhesive-based rubber recycling process was designed as an alternative to devulcanization. Interfacial bonding between vulcanized and virgin rubbers is improved by incorporating adhesives and coating processes during rubber reblending and reducing interfacial defects that cause premature failure. In flat laminates, the bond strength between vulcanized and virgin materials doubles when a vulcanizing fluid and thin adhesive layer are introduced. These components are combined into single-component adhesives (SCAs), which improve bond strength sixfold over no treatment, using half the raw material as the multilayer adhesive. When SCAs are coated onto vulcanized rubber particles prior to reblending, the best rubbers exhibit nearly 50% increases in mechanical strength and toughness vs the untreated control and statistically identical extensibility; all treatments improved mechanical strength. This simple, inexpensive, and scalable process can be implemented with one step beyond standard reblending and curing, providing a promising alternative to devulcanization for polymer recycling.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Advanced Polymer Synthesis and Characterization · Polymer crystallization and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
Funding
National Science Foundation · MIT Tata Center of Technology and Design
References (71)
Show source-provided references
1. Smith, M. N. The number of cars will double worldwide by 2040. https://www.businessinsider.com/global-transport-use-will-double-by-2040-as-china-and-india-gdp-balloon?r=UK&IR=T, 2016.
2. Tomassini, B. R. A Tire Story. https://blog.epa.gov/2009/03/26/a-tire-story/, 2009.
3. 10.1016/s0921-3449(03)00073-910.1016/s0921-3449(03)00073-9 ↗
4. Weissman, S. L.; Sackman, J. L.; Gillen, D.; Monismith, C. Extending the Lifespan of Tires: Final Report, 2003.
5. Rubber Manufacturing Association. 9th Biennial Report on Scrap Tire Markets in the US; 2009.
6. US Tire Manufacturing Association. Ground rubber markets 2017, 2017. http://www.ustires.org/system/files/USTMA_summ_2017_072018.pdf.
7. 10.1177/00952443980300020410.1177/009524439803000204 ↗
8. Dick, J. S. Rubber Technology and Testing for Achieving Product Performance. India Rubber Expo course material, 2017.
9. 10.1021/ma012110b10.1021/ma012110b ↗
10. 10.1177/009524430303500300410.1177/0095244303035003004 ↗
11. 10.3139/217.98035810.3139/217.980358 ↗
12. 10.1007/s13726-015-0320-910.1007/s13726-015-0320-9 ↗
13. 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00020-410.1016/S0079-6700(00)00020-4 ↗
14. 10.5254/1.354796810.5254/1.3547968 ↗
15. 10.5254/rct.12.8797310.5254/rct.12.87973 ↗
16. 10.1016/S0301-4207(99)00025-210.1016/S0301-4207(99)00025-2 ↗
17. Goldshtein, V.; Kopylov, M. Method and Composition for Devulcanization of Waste Rubber. U.S. Patent US6,541,526B12003.
18. 10.1007/BF0102698510.1007/BF01026985 ↗
19. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000321)75:12<1493::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-U10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000321)75:12<1493::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-U ↗
20. 10.1002/app.2080610.1002/app.20806 ↗
21. 10.1002/app.3897610.1002/app.38976 ↗
22. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990620)72:12<1543::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-310.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990620)72:12<1543::AID-APP6>3.0.CO;2-3 ↗
23. 10.1021/bm034368a10.1021/bm034368a ↗
24. 10.1177/009524430934541110.1177/0095244309345411 ↗
25. 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.9110.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.91 ↗
26. 10.1007/BF0039651110.1007/BF00396511 ↗
27. 10.5254/1.353878410.5254/1.3538784 ↗
28. 10.5254/1.353847810.5254/1.3538478 ↗
29. Rader, C. P.; Baldwin, S. D.; Cornell, D. D.; Sadler, G. D.; Stockel, R. F. In Plastic, Rubber and Paper Recycling, ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1995.10.1021/bk-1995-0609 ↗
30. 10.1080/0360255050020985310.1080/03602550500209853 ↗
31. 10.1002/app.2757810.1002/app.27578 ↗
32. 10.1007/s11814-010-0168-910.1007/s11814-010-0168-9 ↗
33. 10.1002/app.2298410.1002/app.22984 ↗
34. 10.1051/matecconf/20181520100710.1051/matecconf/201815201007 ↗
35. Dijkhuis, K. A. J. Recycling of Vulcanized EPDM-Rubber: Mechanistic Studies into the Development of a Continuous Process Using Amines as Devulcanization Aids Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente, 2008.
36. Kormer, V. A.; Sekhar, B. C. Forbedringer i og relaterende til regenerering af naturlige og syntetiske gummier, 1994.
37. 10.1007/s10965-008-9243-x10.1007/s10965-008-9243-x ↗
38. 10.5254/1.353869210.5254/1.3538692 ↗
39. 10.5254/1.354778410.5254/1.3547784 ↗
40. Zhang, Q.; Tzoganakis, C. In Devulcanization of Recycled Tire Rubber Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Global Plastics Environmental Conference, 2004.
41. Bhayani, P. Site visit to Kiran Rubber Industries: Maharashtra, India.
42. 10.1007/s10924-017-1169-010.1007/s10924-017-1169-0 ↗
43. 10.1023/A:100530622056610.1023/A:1005306220566 ↗
44. 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.02.00410.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.02.004 ↗
45. 10.3390/ma1303078210.3390/ma13030782 ↗
46. 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.11.00310.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.11.003 ↗
47. 10.1002/1097-4628(20000919)77:12<2595::AID-APP60>3.0.CO;2-C10.1002/1097-4628(20000919)77:12<2595::AID-APP60>3.0.CO;2-C ↗
48. 10.1002/pen.2123610.1002/pen.21236 ↗
49. 10.1002/app.3135610.1002/app.31356 ↗
50. 10.1002/app.2961110.1002/app.29611 ↗
51. 10.1177/009524431244552310.1177/0095244312445523 ↗
52. 10.1002/app.1318210.1002/app.13182 ↗
53. 10.1002/app.3986810.1002/app.39868 ↗
54. 10.4322/polimeros.2014.03310.4322/polimeros.2014.033 ↗
55. 10.1016/S0142-9418(03)00065-510.1016/S0142-9418(03)00065-5 ↗
56. 10.1016/s0142-9418(03)00022-910.1016/s0142-9418(03)00022-9 ↗
57. 10.1002/app.4016010.1002/app.40160 ↗
58. 10.1177/002199831036959610.1177/0021998310369596 ↗
59. 10.5254/1.353606110.5254/1.3536061 ↗
60. 10.5254/1.353850810.5254/1.3538508 ↗
61. 10.5254/1.353854610.5254/1.3538546 ↗
62. Carver, R. J. Method and Bonding Agent for Retreading Pneumatic Tire Casings. U.S. Patent US3136673A1964.
63. 10.1016/S0921-3449(96)01181-010.1016/S0921-3449(96)01181-0 ↗
64. Mathew G. · Polym. Degrad. Stab. · 2001 · 42 · 2137
65. 10.1016/S0143-7496(01)00010-010.1016/S0143-7496(01)00010-0 ↗
66. 10.1098/rspa.1969.008510.1098/rspa.1969.0085 ↗
67. 10.1002/app.1969.07013101410.1002/app.1969.070131014 ↗
68. Erman, B.; Mark, J. E.; Roland, C. M. The Science and Technology of Rubber, 4th ed. Elsevier: Isayev, A. I., 2013; Chapter 15, pp 697–764.
69. 10.1038/nmat311510.1038/nmat3115 ↗
70. Box G. E. P. · 1978
71. 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.00410.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.004 ↗