Vat Photopolymerization of Smart Polymers for Biomedical Applications

Additive manufacturing techniques, particularly vat photopolymerization (VPP), have emerged as significant drivers of advancements in materials and technology. VPP offers unparalleled precision and detail in translating complex three-dimensional (3D) forms, making it particularly suitable for smart polymers responsive to external factors such as pH, heat, magnetic fields, electric fields, humidity, light, and temperature. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms and applications of VPP in fabricating smart polymer-based structures for biomedical purposes. It begins by detailing various VPP methods, highlighting the growing demand for innovative solutions in the biomedical sector. The review further examines the advantages of VPP, including its capability to handle intricate geometries, facilitate rapid prototyping, and provide design flexibility with diverse material options. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and prospects of materials such as bioabsorbable polymers and bioinks, emphasizing their role in bone tissue engineering, dentistry, drug delivery, and tissue regeneration. This review could be a valuable resource for biomedical engineers and clinical researchers seeking to integrate advanced printing technologies into biomedical applications.