A Comprehensive Exploration of Polysulfides, From Synthesis Techniques to Diverse Applications and Future Frontiers

The present review offers a concise overview of polysulfides, focusing on various techniques for synthesizing polymers with high sulfur content through direct elemental sulfur polymerization. These methodologies encompass condensation, ionic, and free radical polymerizations. Of particular interest is the extensively discussed free radical polymerization type known as inverse vulcanization. The report delves into the diverse applications of polysulfides, spanning areas such as lithium–sulfur batteries, self-healing materials, IR imaging technology, energy storage, controlled fertilizer, antimicrobial agents, oil spill remediation, water-soluble polymers, and separation science, specifically in metal removal from wastewater. Polysulfides showcase distinctive properties, including optical, thermo-responsive, mechanical, and electrochemical attributes. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that this field is not without its challenges. The review briefly explores the current challenges and potential future developments associated with polysulfides. Additionally, it provides a cursory examination of the role of simulations, modeling, and artificial intelligence in advancing the understanding and applications of polysulfides.