Cell Membrane Camouflaged Biomimetic Nanocomplex Based on Black Phosphorus Nanosheets to Modulate T Cells for Melanoma Immunotherapy

Malignant melanoma, a particularly aggressive and lethal tumor, has traditionally been treated through methods such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these methods frequently show some limitations, such as suboptimal therapeutic effectiveness, notable adverse effects, and the propensity for the development of drug resistance. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy hold substantial promise for extending the survival of patients and elevating their overall quality of life. Nevertheless, the prevalence of “cold tumors” continues to hamper the effectiveness of these treatments, resulting in unsatisfactory outcomes for many patients. Facing this challenge, nanomedicine emerges as a good frontier, functioning as an advanced drug delivery system that integrates immunotherapy with additional anticancer strategies. Hence, there is substantial research on malignant melanoma. This study introduces a multifunctional nanoplatform that combines evodiamine, black phosphorus nanosheets, and tumor cell membranes. The tumor cell membrane imparts the nanoplatform immune evasion capabilities and enhances precision in tumor targeting. Simultaneously, the effects of black phosphorus nanosheets and evodiamine synergistically impede tumor cell growth by the combination of photothermal, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy approaches, ultimately leading to an amplified immune response.