Exact factorization-based density functional theory of electron-phonon systems

Density functional theory is generalized to incorporate electron-phonon coupling. A Kohn-Sham equation yielding the electronic density ${n}_U(\mathbf{r})$, a conditional probability density depending parametrically on the phonon normal mode amplitudes $U={{U}_{\mathbf{q}\ensuremath{\lambda}}}$, is coupled to the nuclear Schr\"odinger equation of the exact factorization method. The phonon modes are defined from the harmonic expansion of the nuclear Schr\"odinger equation. A nonzero Berry curvature on nuclear configuration space affects the phonon modes, showing that the potential energy surface alone is generally not sufficient to define the phonons. An orbital-dependent functional approximation for the nonadiabatic exchange-correlation energy reproduces the leading-order nonadiabatic electron-phonon-induced band structure renormalization in the Fr\"ohlich model.