Effect of foaming agent on the mechanical properties of red mud included controlled low-strength material CLSM

There has been a growing interest in controlled low strength material CLSM due to its engineering features, such as self-leveling and early strength development, as well as it potential for utilizing industrial waste. Still, the dynamic properties on CLSM are rarely studied. This study evaluates the feasibility of red mud as a partial aggregate replacement in foamed-lightweight CLSM, incorporating high-carbon fly ash and preformed foam. We varied both the red mud contents RM c and foam volume ratio FVR within the mixtures and examined their impact on unconfined compressive strength and dynamic properties including shear modulus G and damping ratio D. The results reveal that the red mud enhances foam stability, leading to more uniform pore structures and increased porosity, which reduces bulk densities. Despite higher porosity, red mud serves as a strong alkaline activator, enhancing geopolymer reactions of high-carbon fly ash and thereby increasing both compressive strength and initial shear modulus G 0 . Interestingly, increasing FVR had minimal impact on the D, while higher RM c notably increased D, highlighting its distinct role in energy dissipation. The red mud-incorporated foamed CLSM exhibits strain-dependent normalized shear modulus G/G 0 comparable to that of gravel, while its D is 40–100 % higher than gravel or gravelly soil at shear strain of 1⸱10 −5 , which corresponds to typical traffic-induced vibration levels. Moreover, theoretical volumetric-gravimetric relationships are introduced to account for the combined effects of FVR and RM c on CLSM behavior. These findings demonstrate that the red mud included foamed CLSM can be utilized as advanced structural backfill material capable of effectively mitigating the vibrations induced by traffic, low-amplitude seismic events, and mechanical sources.