Review of Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks as Flame-Retardants for Polymers

To solve the limitations of traditional flame retardants, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising alternatives for enhancing the flame retardancy of polymers due to their tunable porosity, high specific surface area, and multifunctional active sites. This review is organized into four sections. First, the fundamental characteristics, classifications, and standard synthesis methods of MOFs are introduced. Second, the flame-retardant mechanisms of MOFs are discussed due to their unique properties. Third, the recent advances in applying MOFs and their derivatives to improve the flame retardancy of polymers are reviewed. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity and flame-retardant properties are summarized. Finally, future opportunities and challenges in applying MOFs and their derivatives for flame retardancy are discussed.