journal article·2025-07Open access

Durability assessment of GFRP bars in concrete exposed to field environment based on interlaminar shear strength

Hiroki Sakuraba, Allan Manalo, Omar Alajarmeh, Brahim Benmokrane

Abstract

The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) can be an indicator of the deterioration of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. This property is normally evaluated by using a sample with a length equal to four to seven times the bar diameter, which can be extracted from in-service structures. First, this study conducted an intensive review to establish the relationship between tensile strength (TS) and ILSS retentions of vinyl-ester based GFRP bars, including the effect of sustained stress. TS and ILSS retentions show 0.18–0.92 and 0.30–0.92, respectively, when fibre, resin, and fibre-resin interface damage is observed near the exposed surface. This relationship demonstrates the applicability of assessing the durability of GFRP bars based on ILSS. Available ILSS retentions range from 0.71 to 0.93 on the field durability of GFRP bars extracted from 11- to 20-year-old bridge barriers, bridge decks, a dry-dock, and exposed bars. The reported field durability is compared with a prediction model established from laboratory immersion tests for GFRP bars embedded in concrete. It is shown that predictions based on the immersion in tap water or saline solution in the laboratory can explain the reduction in ILSS of GFRP bars extracted from actual structures while a prediction based on the immersion in alkaline solution is conservative.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials · Concrete Corrosion and Durability

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (74)

Show source-provided references
1. Corrosion prevention and remediation strategies for reinforced concrete coastal bridges10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00031-2 ↗
2. Repair materials system for chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing bars10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00059-2 ↗
3. Durability issues of FRP rebars in reinforced concrete members10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.07.004 ↗
4. Fiber-reinforced polymer bars for concrete structures: state-of-the-practice in Australia
5. Effect of FRP bar degradation on interface bond with high strength concrete10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.05.006 ↗
6. Effect of aging on bond of GFRP bars embedded in concrete10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.02.010 ↗
7. Flexural behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00061-9 ↗
8. Creep and durability of sand-coated glass FRP bars in concrete elements under freeze/thaw cycling and sustained loads10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.07.014 ↗
9. Evaluation of the flexural strength and serviceability of geopolymer concrete beams reinforced with glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.08.003 ↗
10. Static and fatigue investigation of second generation steel-free bridge decks10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.07.019 ↗
11. Early-age restrained shrinkage cracking of GFRP-RC bridge deck slabs: effect of environmental conditions10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.010 ↗
12. Flexural behaviour of concrete slabs reinforced with GFRP bars and hollow composite reinforcing systems10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111836 ↗
13. Compressive behavior of axially loaded circular hollow concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.016 ↗
14. Shear behavior of circular concrete short columns reinforced with GFRP longitudinal bars and CFRP grid stirrups10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118181 ↗
15. Precast Concrete Tunnel Segments with GFRP Reinforcement10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000803 ↗
16. Construction and testing of an innovative concrete bridge deck totally reinforced with glass FRP bars: Val-Alain Bridge on highway 20 east10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2007)12:5(632) ↗
17. Development and mechanical performance evaluation of a GFRP-reinforced concrete boat-approach slab10.1016/j.istruc.2022.10.040 ↗
18. Physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics of newly developed thermoplastic GFRP bars for reinforcing concrete structures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122200 ↗
19. Long-term durability of UHPECC-embedded GFRP bars in alkaline environments10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4834 ↗
20. Durability assessment of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and FRP grid-reinforced UHPC plates under marine environments10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119313 ↗
21. Tension stiffening and cracking behavior of FRP-reinforced self-compacting concrete with high-volume fly ash (HVFA-SCC)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139219 ↗
22. Bond strength of GFRP bars to high strength and ultra-high strength fiber reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete (SSC)10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.115013 ↗
23. Durability prediction for GFRP reinforcing bars using shot-term data of accelerated aging tests10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:4(279) ↗
24. Mathieu Robert, Patrice Cousin, and Brahim Benmokrane, Durability of GFRP Reinforcing Bars Embedded in Moist Concrete, J. Compos. Constr., 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268, 2009, 13:2, 66.10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2009)13:2(66) ↗
25. Combined effects of saline solution and moist concrete on long-term durability of GFRP reinforcing bars10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.021 ↗
26. Durability of concrete-encapsulated GFRP bars subjected to seawater immersion
27. Effect of different constituent fiber, resin, and sizing combinations on alkaline resistance of basalt, carbon, and glass FRP bars10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001009 ↗
28. Field durability study of vinyl-ester-based GFRP rebars in concrete bridge barriers10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001315 ↗
29. Vanessa Benzecry, Ali F. Al-Khafaji, Rudy T. Haluza, Charles E. Bakis, Jhon J. Myers and Antonio Nanni, Durability assessment of 15- to 20-year-old GFRP bars extracted from bridges in the US I: Selected bridges, bar extraction, and concrete assessment, J. Compos. Constr., 2021.10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001110 ↗
30. Durability assessment of 15- to 20-year-old GFRP bars extracted from bridges in the US II: GFRP bar assessment, J.10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001112 ↗
31. ASTM Standard ASTM D4475, Standard test method for apparent horizontal shear strength of pultruded reinforced plastic rods by the short-beam method, ASTM D4475-21, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa, 2021.
32. ASTM Standard ASTM D7205/D7205M, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars, ASTM D7205/D7205M-21, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa, 2021.
33. Al-Zahrani, Durability of concrete-embedded GFRP bars after 20 years of tidal zone exposure: correlation with accelerated aging tests
34. Durability of FRP rods for concrete structures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.012 ↗
35. Short-term durability test for GFRP rods under various environmental conditions10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.03.005 ↗
36. Effects of diameter on the durability of glass fiber–reinforced polymer bars conditioned in alkaline solution10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000814 ↗
37. Durability and degradation mechanisms of GFRP reinforcement subjected to severe environments and sustained stress10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.092 ↗
38. Bar size effect on long-term durability of sand-coated basalt-FRP composite bars10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108059 ↗
39. Durability of GFRP reinforcing bars in seawater concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121492 ↗
40. Durability of GFRP bars embedded in seawater sea-sand concrete: a coupling effect of prestress and immersion in seawater10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126979 ↗
41. Durability of partially cured GFRP reinforcing bars in alkaline environments with or without sustained tensile load10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137603 ↗
42. Effects of surface characteristics and alkalinity on the deterioration of BFRP bars and BFRP-SSC interface in seawater environment10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111072 ↗
43. Weihua, Degradation of mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of basalt-carbon based hybrid FRP bars in real seawater and sea-sand concrete10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111163 ↗
44. Durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars in water and simulated concrete pore solution10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123995 ↗
45. Durability study on interlaminar shear behaviour of basalt-, glass- and carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (B/G/CFRP) bars in seawater sea sand concrete environment10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.045 ↗
46. Comparative durability of GFRP composite reinforcing bars in concrete and in simulated concrete environments10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103564 ↗
47. A review on mechanical properties and deterioration mechanisms of FRP bars under severe environmental and loading conditions10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104758 ↗
48. Long-time durability of GFRP bars in the alkaline concrete environment for eight years10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125573 ↗
49. Durability assessment of GFRP bars exposed to combined accelerated aging in alkaline solution and a constant load10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116990 ↗
50. Durability assessment of GFRP bars embedded in UHP-ECCs subjected to an accelerated aging environment with sustained loading10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.135364 ↗
51. ASTM Standard ASTM D3916 · 2022
52. Condition assessment of concrete and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebar after 18 years of service life
53. GFRP reinforcement in concrete after 15 years of service10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000806 ↗
54. Characterization and comparative durability study of glass/vinylester, basalt/vinylester and basalt/epoxy FRP bars10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000564 ↗
55. Durability of GFRP and BFRP reinforcing bars in simulated seawater sea sand calcium sulfoaluminate cement concrete pore solution
56. Bond behavior of fiber reinforced polymer bars under direct pullout conditions10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:2(173) ↗
57. Standard Specification for Solid Round Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
58. Durability of GFRP bars: a critical review of the literature10.1002/pse.205 ↗
59. Durability of glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing bars in concrete environment10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:3(143) ↗
60. GFRP bar-reinforced seawater sea-sand concrete beam under the combined influence of seawater exposure and sustained load: durability and degradation mechanism10.1016/j.istruc.2022.07.063 ↗
61. The effect of exposure to alkaline solution and water on the strength–porosity relationship of GFRP rebar10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.11.002 ↗
62. Microstructural investigation of long-term degradation mechanisms in GFRP dowel bars for jointed concrete pavement10.1002/app.27946 ↗
63. Creep-rupture limit for GFRP bars subjected to sustained loads10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000971 ↗
64. Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-reinforced Polymer Bar Materials for Concrete Reinforcement
65. Degradation of GFRP bars with epoxy and vinyl ester matrices in a marine concrete environment: an experimental study and theoretical modeling10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4474 ↗
66. ASTM · 2022
67. Transverse cracking of concrete bridge decks: state-of-the-art10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:5(503) ↗
68. Water transport in concrete damaged by tensile loading and freeze-thaw cycling10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:3(424) ↗
69. Kyung Joon Shin, Wonho Bae, Seul-Woo Choi, Min Woo Son, Kwang Myong Lee, Parameters influencing water permeability coefficient of cracked concrete specimens, Constr. Build. Mater., 151.
70. Environmental reduction factors for GFRP bars used as concrete reinforcement: new scientific approach10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000122 ↗
71. Tensile properties degradation of glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars embedded in concrete under severe laboratory and field environmental conditions10.1177/0021998312440473 ↗
72. Depth-related variation in conductivity to study cover-zone concrete during wetting drying10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00073-7 ↗
73. Laboratory and field investigations of the influence of sodium chloride on alkali–silica reactivity10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00926-2 ↗
74. Effect of water and its activity on transport properties of glass/epoxy particulate composites10.1016/S1359-835X(96)00113-3 ↗