Activated carbons effectively purified by post-heat treatment under vacuum conditions
Source abstract
Abstract
The effect of heat treatment and vacuum conditions on the textural properties and electrochemical performance of commercially available activated carbons (ACs) was investigated. The AC after post-heat treatment was characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The ACs treated under vacuum conditions exhibit a higher specific surface area and micropore surface area than those treated under nitrogen atmospheric pressure without significantly affecting the graphite structure of the AC. Under 800 °C temperature and vacuum conditions (AC-V800), the AC with the highest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 1951.9 m2 g−1 (16.4% improvement relative to that of the original AC (1677.2 m2 g−1)) was obtained. This is attributed to the removal of oxygen-containing functional groups and volatile matters in the carbon by thermal treatment under vacuum conditions. Consequently, the electric double-layer capacitor using ACs treated under vacuum conditions (1 kPa) at 800 °C (AC-V800) shows considerably improved electrochemical performance in terms of higher specific capacitance and better cycling stability at a high working voltage (3.1 V), compared to the nitrogen-treated and commercial ACs.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Pandolfo AG, Hollenkamp AF (2006) Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors. J Power Sources 157(1):11–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.06510.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.065 ↗
2. Iro ZS, Subramani C, Dash SS (2016) A Brief Review on Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor. Int J Electrochem Sci 11(12):10628–10643. https://doi.org/10.20964/2016.12.5010.20964/2016.12.50 ↗
3. Largeot C, Portet C, Chmiola J, Taberna PL, Gogotsi Y, Simon P (2008) Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor. J Am Chem Soc 130(9):2730–2731. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja710617810.1021/ja7106178 ↗
4. Chmiola J, Yushin G, Gogotsi Y, Portet C, Simon P, Taberna PL (2006) Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes less than 1 nanometer. Science 313(5794):1760–1763. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.113219510.1126/science.1132195 ↗
5. Raymundo-Pinero E, Kierzek K, Machnikowski J, Beguin F (2006) Relationship between the nanoporous texture of activated carbons and their capacitance properties in different electrolytes. Carbon 44(12):2498–2507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.02210.1016/j.carbon.2006.05.022 ↗
6. He YT, Zhang YH, Li XF, Lv Z, Wang XJ, Liu ZG, Huang XQ (2018) Capacitive mechanism of oxygen functional groups on carbon surface in supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 282:618–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.10310.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.103 ↗
7. Morimoto T, Hiratsuka K, Sanada Y, Kurihara K (1996) Electric double-layer capacitor using organic electrolyte. J Power Sources 60(2):239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)80017-610.1016/s0378-7753(96)80017-6 ↗
8. Menendez JA, Phillips J, Xia B, Radovic LR (1996) On the modification and characterization of chemical surface properties of activated carbon: In the search of carbons with stable basic properties. Langmuir 12(18):4404–4410. https://doi.org/10.1021/la960202210.1021/la9602022 ↗
9. Lua AC, Yang T (2005) Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 290(2):505–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.06310.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.063 ↗
10. Ruiz V, Blanco C, Raymundo-Pinero E, Khomenko V, Beguin F, Santamaria R (2007) Effects of thermal treatment of activated carbon on the electrochemical behaviour in supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 52(15):4969–4973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.07110.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.071 ↗
11. Ismadji S, Sudaryanto Y, Hartono SB, Setiawan LEK, Ayucitra A (2005) Activated carbon from char obtained from vacuum pyrolysis of teak sawdust: pore structure development and characterization. Bioresour Technol 96(12):1364–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.11.00710.1016/j.biortech.2004.11.007 ↗
12. Lua AC, Yang T (2004) Effects of vacuum pyrolysis conditions on the characteristics of activated carbons derived from pistachio-nut shells. J Colloid Interface Sci 276(2):364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.07110.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.071 ↗
13. Lee HM, An KH, Park SJ, Kim BJ (2019) Mesopore-Rich Activated Carbons for Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors by Optimal Activation Condition. Nanomaterials 9(4):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano904060810.3390/nano9040608 ↗
14. Nguyen HV, Lee S, Kwak K, Lee KK (2019) Bis(oxalate)borate-containing electrolytes for high voltage electric double-layer capacitors: A comparative study. Electrochim Acta 321:9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.13464910.1016/j.electacta.2019.134649 ↗
15. Weingarth D, Foelske-Schmitz A, Kotz R (2013) Cycle versus voltage hold - Which is the better stability test for electrochemical double layer capacitors? J Power Sources 225:84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.01910.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.019 ↗
16. Vargas-Delgadillo DP, Giraldo L, Moreno-Pirajan JC (2010) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Monoliths with Potential Application as Phenol Adsorbents. E-J Chem 7(2):531–539. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/67281010.1155/2010/672810 ↗
17. Contescu CI, Adhikari SP, Gallego NC, Evans ND, Biss BE (2018) Activated Carbons Derived from High-Temperature Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass. C-J Carbon Res 4(3):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/c403005110.3390/c4030051 ↗
18. Zhang WL, Lin HB, Lu HY, Liu DC, Yin J, Lin ZQ (2015) On the electrochemical origin of the enhanced charge acceptance of the lead-carbon electrode. J Mater Chem A 3(8):4399–4404. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta05891g10.1039/c4ta05891g ↗
19. Srinivasakannan C, Abu Bakar MZ (2004) Production of activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust. Biomass Bioenerg 27(1):89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.11.00210.1016/j.biombioe.2003.11.002 ↗
20. Yorgun S, Yildiz D (2015) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Paulownia wood by chemical activation with H3PO4. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 53:122–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.03210.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.032 ↗
21. Teng H, Lin HC (1998) Activated carbon production from low ash subbituminous coal with CO2 activation. Aiche J 44(5):1170–1177. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.69044051410.1002/aic.690440514 ↗
22. Daems N, Sheng X, Vankelecom IFJ, Pescarmona PP (2014) Metal-free doped carbon materials as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Mater Chem A 2(12):4085–4110. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14043a10.1039/c3ta14043a ↗
23. Nowicki P (2016) Effect of heat treatment on the physicochemical properties of nitrogen-enriched activated carbons. J Therm Anal Calorim 125(3):1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5254-810.1007/s10973-016-5254-8 ↗
24. Sing KSW (1982) Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems with Special Reference to the Determination of Surface Area and Porosity. Pure Appl Chem 54(11):2201–2218. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac19825411220110.1351/pac198254112201 ↗
25. Hsieh CT, Teng H (2002) Influence of oxygen treatment on electric double-layer capacitance of activated carbon fabrics. Carbon 40(5):667–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(01)00182-810.1016/s0008-6223(01)00182-8 ↗
26. Liu XY, Huang MA, Ma HL, Zhang ZQ, Gao JM, Zhu YL, Han XJ, Guo XY (2010) Preparation of a Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyst by Sulfonating Activated Carbon in a Chemical Reduction Process. Molecules 15(10):7188–7196. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules1510718810.3390/molecules15107188 ↗
27. Chu MX, Li MT, Han ZL, Cao JS, Li R, Cheng ZQ (2019) Novel biomass-derived smoke-like carbon as a supercapacitor electrode material. R Soc Open Sci 6(7):9. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.19013210.1098/rsos.190132 ↗
28. Babu VS, Seehra MS (1996) Modeling of disorder and X-ray diffraction in coal-based graphitic carbons. Carbon 34(10):1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(96)00085-110.1016/0008-6223(96)00085-1 ↗
29. Girgis BS, Temerk YM, Gadelrab MM, Abdullah ID (2007) X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Activated Carbons Prepared under Various Conditions. Carbon letters 8(2):95–100. https://doi.org/10.5714/cl.2007.8.2.09510.5714/cl.2007.8.2.095 ↗
30. Xie W, Wang Z, Kuang JC, Xu H, Yi SH, Deng YJ, Cao TS, Guo ZH (2016) Fixed carbon content and reaction mechanism of natural microcrystalline graphite purified by hydrochloric acid and sodium fluoride. Int J Miner Process 155:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2016.08.00210.1016/j.minpro.2016.08.002 ↗
31. Zhang YJ, Xing ZJ, Duan ZK, Li M, Wang Y (2014) Effects of steam activation on the pore structure and surface chemistry of activated carbon derived from bamboo waste. Appl Surf Sci 315:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.12610.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.126 ↗
32. Qin TT, Shi ZQ, Li MW, Wang CY (2015) Effect of reduction heat treatment in H-2 atmosphere on structure and electrochemical properties of activated carbon. J Solid State Electrochem 19(5):1437–1446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-015-2767-110.1007/s10008-015-2767-1 ↗
33. Tran HN, Huang FC, Lee CK, Chao HP (2017) Activated carbon derived from spherical hydrochar functionalized with triethylenetetramine: synthesis, characterizations, and adsorption application. Green Process Synth 6(6):565–576. https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2016-017810.1515/gps-2016-0178 ↗
34. Haydar S, Moreno-Castilla C, Ferro-Garcia MA, Carrasco-Marin F, Rivera-Utrilla J, Perrard A, Joly JP (2000) Regularities in the temperature-programmed desorption spectra of CO2 and CO from activated carbons. Carbon 38(9):1297–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(99)00256-010.1016/s0008-6223(99)00256-0 ↗
35. Nguyen HVT, Kwak K, Lee KK (2019) 1,1-Dimethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate as novel salt for high-voltage electric double-layer capacitors. Electrochim Acta 299:98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.15510.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.155 ↗
36. Park S, Kim K (2017) Tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate: The smallest quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate salt for use in electrochemical double layer capacitors. J Power Sources 338:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.08010.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.080 ↗
37. Koh AR, Hwang B, Roh KC, Kim K (2014) The effect of the ionic size of small quaternary ammonium BF4 salts on electrochemical double layer capacitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16(29):15146–15151. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00949e10.1039/c4cp00949e ↗
38. Yoshida A, Tanahashi I, Nishino A (1990) Effect of concentration of surface acidic functional groups on electric double-layer properties of activated carbon fibers. Carbon 28(5):611–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(90)90062-410.1016/0008-6223(90)90062-4 ↗