An experimental design approach for hydrothermal synthesis of NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ upconversion microcrystal: UV emission optimization

Abstract Ultraviolet (UV) emissions of hydrothermally synthesized NaYF 4 : Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ upconversion crystals were optimized using the response surface methodology experimental design. In these experimental designs, 9 runs, two factors namely (1) Tm 3+ ion concentration, and (2) pH value were investigated using 3 different ligands. Introducing UV upconversion emissions as responses, their intensity were separately maximized. Analytical methods such as XRD, SEM, and FTIR could be used to study crystal structure, morphology, and fluorescent spectroscopy in order to obtain luminescence properties. From the photo-luminescence spectra, emissions centered at 347, 364, 452, 478, 648 and 803 nm were observed. Some results show that increasing each DOE factor up to an optimum value resulted in an increase in emission intensity, followed by reduction. To optimize UV emission, as a final result to the UV emission optimization, each design had a suggestion.