journal article·2023-03

Properties, assembly and characterization of carbon nanotubes: their application in water purification, environmental pollution control and biomedicines—a comprehensive review

Faiza Asghar, Babar Murtaza, Bushra Shakoor, Nabtahil Iqbal, Maria Shafique, Rafia Murtaza, Ian Sydney Butler

Carbon Letters· Volume 33· Issue 2
Publisher page

Abstract

Owing to their simplicity and ease of synthesis, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have captivated attention of researchers. Many engineering applications have investigated the new features of nanostructured carbon nanotubes, such as large surface area, stiffness and durability. CNTs have opened up new opportunities for environmental improvement, pollution management and application in a variety of fields. Multiple types of pollution are produced as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrialization. CNTs are used to solve a variety of challenges, including environmental difficulties, water pollution, biomedical applications, and so on. It becomes an unavoidable present and future material. Different applications of CNTs have been presented in this review paper. CNTs are potential material having number of uses, including water purification, drug delivery, preservatives, catalysis, genetic engineering and artificial implants which are reviewed in this review article. This paper is presenting an explicit and systematic progress of CNTs for water treatment, medicinal uses drug delivery, artificial implants and so on, and a multitude of CNT applications in broad disciplines and their purification methods have been covered. The issues related to synthesis technologies, purification technology, bio-medicinal application and catalytic property of CNTs within the framework of different engineering applications and environmental impact are discussed in this study. Graphical abstract The modified CNTs synthesis methods, structure, catalytic property, as preservatives, water purification technology and genetic engineering applications are all summarized in this paper. Due to their outstanding water purification property, high stability, high surface area and electroluminescent properties, these tubes are highly applicable in multiple fields; this review also discusses these tubes as a useful material in water purification, as a catalyst, and as a drug delivery agent.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Carbon Nanotubes in Composites · Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications · Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Norizan MN, Moklis MH, Demon SZN, Halim NA, Samsuri A, Mohamad IS, Knight VF, Abdullah N (2020) Carbon nanotubes: functionalisation and their application in chemical sensors. RSC Adv 10(71):43704–43732. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra09438b10.1039/d0ra09438b ↗
2. Shah KA, Tali BA (2016) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by catalytic chemical vapour deposition: a review on carbon sources, catalysts and substrates. Mater Sci Semicond 41:67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.08.01310.1016/j.mssp.2015.08.013 ↗
3. Gomasa M, Nivedita JER (2022) Agricultural uses of carbon nanotubes and their toxic effects. WJPPS 11(5):2066–2081. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20225-2205210.20959/wjpps20225-22052 ↗
4. Kaushik BK, Majumder MK (2015) Carbon nanotubes: properties and applications. Springer briefs in applied sciences and technology, p 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2047-3_210.1007/978-81-322-2047-3_2 ↗
5. He H, Huy LAP, Dramou P, Xiao D, Zuo P, Huy CP (2013) Carbon nanotubes: applications in pharmacy and medicine. Biomed Res Int 2013:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/57829010.1155/2013/578290 ↗
6. Walvekara R, Siddiquib MK, Onga S, Ismail AF (2015) Application of CNT nanofluids in a turbulent flow heat exchanger. J Exp Nanoscale 11:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2015.101546110.1080/17458080.2015.1015461 ↗
7. Eveleens CA, Page A (2019) Catalyst and etchant dependent mechanisms of single-walled carbon nanotube nucleation during chemical vapor deposition. J Phys Chem C 123(16):10622–10629. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b1227610.1021/acs.jpcc.8b12276 ↗
8. Eveleens CA, Irle S, Page A (2019) How does acetonitrile modulate single-walled carbon nanotube diameter during CVD growth? Carbon 146:535–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.02.02710.1016/j.carbon.2019.02.027 ↗
9. Romanenko I, Bryantsev YA, Yakovleva GE, Arkhipov VE, Berdinsky AS, Gusel’nikov AV, Okotrub AV (2018) Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of transparent SWCNT films obtained by aerosol CVD synthesis. Phys Status Solidi B 255(10):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2017006410.1002/pssb.20170064 ↗
10. Zaporotskova IV, Boroznina NP, Parkhomenko YN, Kozhitov LV (2016) Carbon nanotubes: sensor properties. A review. Mod Electron Mater 2(4):95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.moem.2017.02.00210.1016/j.moem.2017.02.002 ↗
11. Rahmandoust M, Ayatollahi RM (2016) Characterization of carbon nanotube based composites under consideration of defects. Adv Struct Mater 39:5–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00251-4_210.1007/978-3-319-00251-4_2 ↗
12. Arunkumar T, Karthikeyan RRS, Viswanathan KMA (2020) Synthesis and characterisation of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Int J Ambient Energy 41(4):452–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.147265710.1080/01430750.2018.1472657 ↗
13. Jia X, Wei F (2019) Advances in production and applications of carbon nanotubes. Top Curr Chem 375(18):299–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12700-8_1110.1007/978-3-030-12700-8_11 ↗
14. Saliev T (2019) The advances in biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes. C 5(2):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/c502002910.3390/c5020029 ↗
15. Jain N, Gupta E, Kanu NJ (2022) Plethora of carbon nanotubes applications in various fields—a state-of-the-art-review. Smart Sci 10(1):1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2021.194075210.1080/23080477.2021.1940752 ↗
16. Khachfe HM, Ambreen J (2020) Water soluble carbon nanotubes increase agricultural yields. J Biochem Biotechnol 3(1):1–5
17. Sawant SV, Patwardhan AW, Joshi JBD (2022) Boron doped carbon nanotubes: synthesis, characterization and emerging applications—a review. J Chem Eng 427:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.13161610.1016/j.cej.2021.131616 ↗
18. Sharma R, Sharma AK, Sharma V (2015) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by arc-discharge and chemical vapor deposition method with analysis of its morphology, dispersion and functionalization characteristics. Cogent Eng 2:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2015.109401710.1080/23311916.2015.1094017 ↗
19. Peng J, He Y, Zhou C, Su S, Lai B (2021) The carbon nanotubes-based materials and their applications for organic pollutant removal: a critical review. Chin Chem Lett 32(5):1626–1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.02610.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.026 ↗
20. Arora N, Sharma NN (2014) Arc discharge synthesis of carbon nanotubes: comprehensive review. Diam Relat Mater 50:135–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2014.10.00110.1016/j.diamond.2014.10.001 ↗
21. Bhatt A, Jain A, Gurnany E, Jain R, Modi A, Jain A (2016) 17-Carbon nanotubes: a promising carrier for drug delivery and targeting. Nanoarchitecton Smart Deliv Drug Target. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-47347-7.00017-310.1016/B978-0-323-47347-7.00017-3 ↗
22. Mohanta D, Patnaik S, Sood S, Das N (2019) Carbon nanotubes: evaluation of toxicity at biointerfaces. J Pharm Anal 9(5):293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2019.04.00310.1016/j.jpha.2019.04.003 ↗
23. Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I (2019) Nanoparticles: properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem 12(7):908–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.01110.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011 ↗
24. Takakura A, Beppu K, Nishihara T, Fukui A, Kozeki T, Namazu T, Miyauchi Y, Itami K (2019) Strength of carbon nanotubes depends on their chemical structures. Nat Commun 10:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10959-710.1038/s41467-019-10959-7 ↗
25. Liao Y, Hussain A, Laiho P, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Wei N, Ding EX, Khan SA, Nguyen NN, Ahmad S, Kauppinen EI (2018) Tuning geometry of SWCNTs by CO2 in floating catalyst CVD for high-performance transparent conductive films. Adv Mater Interfaces 5(23):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.20180120910.1002/admi.201801209 ↗
26. Ding EX, Jiang H, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Laiho P, Hussain A, Liao Y, Weia N, Kauppinen EI (2017) Highly conductive and transparent single-walled carbon nanotube thin film from ethanol by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition. Nanoscale 9(44):17601–17609. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR05554D10.1039/C7NR05554D ↗
27. Wieland L, Li H, Rust C, Chen J, Flavel BS (2021) Carbon nanotubes for photovoltaics: from lab to industry. Adv Energy Mater 11(3):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20200288010.1002/aenm.202002880 ↗
28. Al Dream JA (2017) Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanoribbons/polypyrrole nanocomposite 1–81. https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/etd
29. ALOthman ZA, Wabaidur SM (2018) Application of carbon nanotubes in extraction and chromatographic analysis: a review. Arab J Chem 12(5):633–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.05.01210.1016/j.arabjc.2018.05.012 ↗
30. Negri V, Torres JP, Calle D, Larrubia PL (2020) Carbon nanotubes in biomedicine. Top Curr Chem 378(1):15–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-019-0278-810.1007/s41061-019-0278-8 ↗
31. Cui K, Maruyama S (2016) Carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells. IEEE Nanatechnol Mag 10(1):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/MNANO.2015.250631810.1109/MNANO.2015.2506318 ↗
32. Varshney K (2014) Carbon nanotubes: a review on synthesis, properties and applications. Int J Eng Res Gen Sci 2(4):660–677
33. Purohita R, Purohit K, Rana S, Rana RS, Patel V (2014) Carbon nanotubes and their growth methods. Proc Mater Sci 6:716–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.08810.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.088 ↗
34. Simon J, Flahaut E, Golzio M (2019) Overview of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications. Materials 12(4):624–645. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1204062410.3390/ma12040624 ↗
35. Hur J, Stuart SJ (2017) Raman intensity and vibrational modes of armchair CNTs. Chem Phys Lett 679:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.07810.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.078 ↗
36. Adamska M, Narkiewicz U (2017) Fluorination of carbon nanotubes -a review. J Fluor Chem 200:179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.06.01810.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.06.018 ↗
37. Bianco A, Kostarelos K, Prato M (2005) Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9(6):674–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.00510.1016/j.cbpa.2005.10.005 ↗
38. Yang N, Chen X, Ren T, Zhang P, Yang D (2015) Carbon nanotube based biosensors. Sens Actuators B Chem 207(A):690–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.04010.1016/j.snb.2014.10.040 ↗
39. Hussain A, Liao Y, Zhang Q, Ding EX, Laiho P, Ahmad S, Wei N, Tian Y, Jiang H, Kauppinen EI (2018) Floating catalyst CVD synthesis of single walled carbon nanotubes from ethylene for high performance transparent electrodes. Nanoscale 20(10):9752–9759. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR00716K10.1039/C8NR00716K ↗
40. Okada T, Saidaa T, Naritsuka S, Maruyama T (2019) Low-temperature synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes with Co catalysts via alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition under high vacuum. Mater Today Commun 19:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.12.01810.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.12.018 ↗
41. Wang F, Kozawa D, Miyauchi Y, Hiraoka K, Mouri S, Ohno Y, Matsuda K (2014) Fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube/Si heterojunction solar cells with high photovoltaic performance. ACS Photonics 1(4):360–364. https://doi.org/10.1021/ph400133k10.1021/ph400133k ↗
42. Kang I, Heung YY, Kim JH, Won Lee J, Gollapudi R, Subramaniam S, Narasimhadevara S, Hurd D, Kirikera GR, Shanov V, Schulz MJ, Shi D, Boerio J, Mall S, Wren MR (2006) Introduction to carbon nanotube and nanofiber smart materials. Compos B Eng 37(6):382–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.01110.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.011 ↗
43. Babita SK, Sharma SM, Gupta AK (2018) Effect of surfactant on CNT dispersion in polar media and thermal conductivity of prepared CNT nanofluids. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 13(4):1–10
44. Sharma B, Sharma SK, Gupta SM, Kumar A (2018) Modified two-step method to prepare long-term stable CNT nanofluids for heat transfer applications. Arab J Sci Eng 43:6155–6163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3345-510.1007/s13369-018-3345-5 ↗
45. Gopinath KP, Vo DVN, Prakash DG, Joseph AA, Viswanathan S, Arun J (2021) Environmental applications of carbon-based materials: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19:557–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01084-910.1007/s10311-020-01084-9 ↗
46. Khalid P, Hussain MA, Suman VB, Arun AB (2016) Toxicology of carbon nanotubes—a review. Int J Appl Eng 11(1):159–168
47. Ghozatloo A, Rashidi AM, Niasar MS (2014) Effects of surface modification on the dispersion and thermal conductivity of CNT/water nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 54:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.02.01310.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.02.013 ↗
48. Prakasha P, Sundarama KM, Bennet MA (2018) A review on carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs) for ultra-low power applications. Renew Sust Energ Rev 89:194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.02110.1016/j.rser.2018.03.021 ↗
49. Hoang AT, Nižetić S, Cheng CK, Luque R, Thomas S, Banh TL, Pham VV, Nguyen XP (2022) Heavy metal removal by biomass-derived carbon nanotubes as a greener environmental remediation: a comprehensive review. Chemosphere 287(1):1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.13195910.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131959 ↗
50. Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’Brian SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985) C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318:162–16310.1038/318162a0 ↗
51. Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM (1992) Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Nature 358:220–22210.1038/358220a0 ↗
52. Ebbesen TW, Hiura H, Fujita J, Ochiai Y, Matsui S, Tanigaki K (1993) Patterns in the bulk growth of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 209:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)87206-I10.1016/0009-2614(93)87206-I ↗
53. Seraphin S, Zhou D, Jiao J, Withers JC, Loufty R (1993) Effect of processing conditions on the morphology and yield of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 31:685–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(93)90004-T10.1016/0008-6223(93)90004-T ↗
54. Mubarak NM, Abdullah EC, Jayakumar NS, Sahu JN (2014) An overview on methods for the production of carbon nanotubes. J Ind Eng Chem 20(4):1186–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.00110.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.001 ↗
55. Gamaly EG, Ebbesen TW (1995) Mechanism of carbon nanotube formation in the arc discharge. Phys Rev B 52(3):2083–2089. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.52.208310.1103/PhysRevB.52.2083 ↗
56. Byszewski P, Lange H, Hucsko A, Behnke JF (1997) Fullerene and nanotube synthesis. plasma spectroscopy studies. J Phys Chem Solids 58:1679–1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(97)00051-610.1016/S0022-3697(97)00051-6 ↗
57. Lee SJ, Baik HK, Yoo J, Han JH (2002) Large scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes by plasma rotating arc discharge technique. Diam Relat Mater 11:914–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-9635(01)00639-210.1016/S0925-9635(01)00639-2 ↗
58. Hatta N, Murata K (1994) Very long graphitic nano-tubules synthesized by plasma-decomposition of benzene. Chem Phys Lett 217:398–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)E1414-C10.1016/0009-2614(93)E1414-C ↗
59. Colbert DT, Zhang J, McClure SM, Nikolaev P, Chen Z, Hafner JH, Owens DW, Kotula PG, Carter CB, Weaver JH, Samlley RE (1994) Growth and sintering of fullerene nanotubes. Science 266(5188):1218–1222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5188.12110.1126/science.266.5188.121 ↗
60. Ishigami M, Cumings J, Zettl A, Chen S (2000) A simple method for the continuous production of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 319:457–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(00)00151-210.1016/S0009-2614(00)00151-2 ↗
61. Dujardin E, Thomas WE, Ajit K, Treacy MJM (1998) Wetting of single shell carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 10(17):1472–1475. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199812)10:17%3C1472::AID-ADMA1472%3E3.0.CO;2-R10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199812)10:17%3C1472::AID-ADMA1472%3E3.0.CO;2-R ↗
62. Bethune DS, Kiang CH, de Vries MS, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J, Beyers R (1993) Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls. Nature 363:605–60710.1038/363605a0 ↗
63. Huo J, Song H, Chen X (2004) Preparation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles by co-carbonization of aromatic heavy oil and ferrocene. Carbon 42(15):3177–3182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.00710.1016/j.carbon.2004.08.007 ↗
64. Zhou D, Seraphin S, Wang S (1994) Single-walled carbon nanotubes growing radially from YC2 particles. Appl Phys Lett 65:1593–1596. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.11292410.1063/1.112924 ↗
65. Subramoney S, Ruoff RS, Lorents DC, Malhotra R (1993) Radial single-layer nanotubes. Nature 366:63710.1038/366637a0 ↗
66. Seraphin S, Zhou D (1994) Single-walled carbon nanotubes produced at high yield by mixed catalysts. Appl Phys Lett 64:2087–2090. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.11169110.1063/1.111691 ↗
67. Kasuya A, Sasaki Y, Saito Y, Tohji K, Nishina Y (1997) Evidence for size-dependent discrete dispersions in single-wall nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 78:4434–4437. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.443410.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4434 ↗
68. Park YS, Kim KS, Jeong HJ, Kim WS, Moon JM, An KH, Bae DJ, Lee YS, Park GS, Lee YH (2002) Low pressure synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by arc discharge. Synth Met 126:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00563-X10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00563-X ↗
69. Saito Y, Kawabata K, Okuda M (1995) Single-layered carbon nanotubes synthesized by catalytic assistance of rare-earths in a carbon arc. J Phys Chem 99:16076–16079. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100043a05610.1021/j100043a056 ↗
70. Eklund PC, Pradhan BK, Kim UJ, Xiong Q, Fischer JE, Friedman AD, Holloway BC, Jordan K, Smith MW (2002) Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes using ultrafast pulses from a free electron laser. Nano Lett 2(6):561–566. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl025515y10.1021/nl025515y ↗
71. Shi Z, Lian Y, Liao FH, Zhou X, Gu Z, Zhang Y, Iijima S, Li H, Yue KT, Zhang SL (2000) Large scale synthesis of single-wall carbon nanotubes by arc-discharge method. J Phys Chem Solids 61:1031–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00358-310.1016/S0022-3697(99)00358-3 ↗
72. Liu C, Cheng HM, Cong HT, Li F, Su G, Zhou BL, Dresselhaus MS (2000) Synthesis of macroscopically long ropes of well-aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 12:1190–1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200008)12:16%3C1190::AID-ADMA1190%3E3.0.CO;2-C10.1002/1521-4095(200008)12:16%3C1190::AID-ADMA1190%3E3.0.CO;2-C ↗
73. Su LF, Wang JN, Yu F, Sheng ZM, Chang H, Pak C (2000) Continuous production of single-wall carbon nanotubes by spray pyrolysis of alcohol with dissolved ferrocene. Chem Phys Lett 420(4–6):421–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.04610.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.046 ↗
74. Itkis ME, Perea DE, Niyogi S, Love J, Tang J, Yu A, Kang C, Jung R, Haddon RC (2004) Optimization of the Ni-Y catalyst composition in bulk electric arc synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by use of near-infrared spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 108(34):12770–12775. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp048730710.1021/jp0487307 ↗
75. Zhao T, Liu Y, Zhu J (2005) Temperature and catalyst effects on the production of amorphous carbon nanotubes by a modified arc discharge. Carbon 43(14):2907–2912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.06.00510.1016/j.carbon.2005.06.005 ↗
76. Kuchi R, Nguyen HM, Dongquoc V, Van PC, Ahn H, Viet DD, Kim D, Jeong JR (2021) Optimization of FeNi/SWCNT composites by a simple co-arc discharge process to improve microwave absorption performance. J Alloy Compd 852:156712–156719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.15671210.1016/j.jallcom.2020.156712 ↗
77. Kalpana A, Anchal S, Srivastava ON (2005) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5(10):1616–1636. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.40710.1166/jnn.2005.407 ↗
78. Nessim GD (2010) Properties, synthesis, and growth mechanisms of carbon nanotubes with special focus on thermal chemical vapor deposition. Nanoscale 2(8):1306–1323. https://doi.org/10.1039/B9NR00427K10.1039/B9NR00427K ↗
79. Kokai F, Takahashi K, Shimizu K, Yudasaka M, Iijima S (1999) Shadowgraphic and emission imaging spectroscopic studies of the laser ablation of graphite in an Ar gas atmosphere. Appl Phys A 69:S223–S22710.1007/s003390051388 ↗
80. Chrzanowska J, Hoffman J, Małolepszy A, Mazurkiewicz M, Kowalewski TA, Szymanski Z, Stobinski L (2015) Synthesis of carbon nanotubes by the laser ablation method: effect of laser wavelength. Phys Status Solidi B 252(8):1860–1867. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.20145161410.1002/pssb.201451614 ↗
81. Zhang L, Li Z, Tan Y, Lolli G, Sakulchaicharoen N, Requejo FG, Mun BS, Resasco DE (2006) Influence of a top crust of entangled nanotubes on the structure of vertically aligned forests of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Mater 18:5624–5629. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm061783b10.1021/cm061783b ↗
82. Parilla PA, Dillon AC, Parkinson BA, Jones KM, Alleman J, Riker G, Ginley DS, Heben MJ (1998) Formation of nanooctahedra in molybdenum disulfide and molybdenum diselenide using pulsed laser vaporization. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 526:403–408. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp036202+10.1021/jp036202+ ↗
83. Gu D, Rao X, Dai D, Ma C, Xi L, Lin K (2019) Laser additive manufacturing of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced aluminium matrix nanocomposites: Processing optimization, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Addit Manuf 29:100801–100841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.10080110.1016/j.addma.2019.100801 ↗
84. Lan Y, Yang W, Ren ZF (2011) Physics and applications of aligned carbon nanotubes. Adv Phys 60(4):553–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2011.59996310.1080/00018732.2011.599963 ↗
85. Chufa BM, Ananda HCM, Bedasa AG, Teketel YA (2021) Carbon nanotubes: a review on green synthesis, growth mechanism and application as a membrane filter for fluoride remediation. Green Chem Lett Rev 14(4):647–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2021.199148410.1080/17518253.2021.1991484 ↗
86. Scott CD, Sivaram A, Pavel N, Richard EM (2001) Growth mechanisms for single-wall carbon nanotubes in a laser-ablation process. Appl Phys A 72(5):573–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339010076110.1007/s003390100761 ↗
87. Prasek J, Jana D, Jana C, Jaromir H, Ondrej J, Vojtech A, Rene K (2011) Methods for carbon nanotubes synthesis. J Mater Chem 21(40):15872–15884. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm12254a10.1039/c1jm12254a ↗
88. Belin T, Florence E (2005) Characterization methods of carbon nanotubes: a review. Mater Sci Eng B 119(2):105–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2005.02.04610.1016/j.mseb.2005.02.046 ↗
89. Zia KM, Shazia T, Muhammad N, Neelam S, Nosheen A, Aqdas N, Mohammad Z (2017) A review on synthesis, properties and applications of natural polymer based carrageenan blends and composites. Int J Biol Macromol 96:282–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.09510.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.095 ↗
90. Ding RG, Lu GQ, Yan ZF, Wilson MA (2001) Recent advances in the preparation and utilization of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 1(1):7–29. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2001.01210.1166/jnn.2001.012 ↗
91. Walker JPL, Rakszawski JF, Imperial GR (1959) Carbon formation from carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixtures over iron catalysts. I. Properties of carbon formed. J Phys Chem 63(2):133–140. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150572a00210.1021/j150572a002 ↗
92. José-Yacamán M, Miki-Yoshida M, Rendon L, Santiesteban JG (1993) Catalytic growth of carbon microtubules with fullerene structure. Appl Phys Lett 62(6):657–659. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.10885710.1063/1.108857 ↗
93. Tempel H, Ravi J, Jörg JS (2010) Ink jet printing of ferritin as method for selective catalyst patterning and growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Mater Chem Phys 121(1–2):178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphyw01.-02910.1016/j.matchemphyw01.-029 ↗
94. Anwar MF, Neelam Y, Swati J (2018) Carbon nanotubes in drug delivery. Fuller Nanotube Carbon Nanostruct 1(1):184–202
95. Popov VN (2004) Carbon nanotubes: properties and application. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 43(3):61–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.3003.10.00110.1016/j.mser.3003.10.001 ↗
96. Ibrahim KS (2013) Carbon nanotubes-properties and applications: a review. Carbon Lett 14(3):131–144. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2013.14.3.13110.5714/CL.2013.14.3.131 ↗
97. Purohit R, Kuldeep P, Saraswati R, Rana RS, Vivek P (2014) Carbon nanotubes and their growth methods. Procedia Manuf. 6:716–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.08810.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.088 ↗
98. Gao Y, Ding M, Gang H, Peng Z, Xinhe B, Bo Z, Bingsen Z, Dang SS (2011) Layered-carbon-stabilized iron oxide nanostructures as oxidation catalysts. Angew Chem 50(43):10236–10240. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20110173710.1002/anie.201101737 ↗
99. Yang F, Xiao W, Jia S, Xiulan Z, Kuo Q, Chuanhon J, Zeyao Z (2017) Water-assisted preparation of high-purity semiconducting (14, 4) carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 11(1):186–193. https://doi.org/10.1021/1csnano.6b068910.1021/1csnano.6b0689 ↗
100. Yadav MD, Dasgupta K (2020) Role of the sulfur on the structure of carbon nanotube cotton synthesized by floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition. Chem Phys Lett 748:137391–137396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.13739110.1016/j.cplett.2020.137391 ↗