Uncovering topographically hidden features in 2D MoSe2 with correlated potential and optical nanoprobes
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Developing characterization strategies to better understand nanoscale features in two-dimensional nanomaterials is of crucial importance, as the properties of these materials are many times driven by nanoscale and microscale chemical and structural modifications within the material. For the case of large area monolayer MoSe2 flakes, kelvin probe force microscopy coupled with tip-enhanced photoluminescence was utilized to evaluate such features including internal grain boundaries, edge effects, bilayer contributions, and effects of oxidation/aging, many of which are invisible to topographical mapping. A reduction in surface potential due to n-type behavior was observed at the edge of the flakes as well as near grain boundaries. Potential phase mapping, which corresponds to the local dielectric constant, depicted local biexciton and trion states in optically-active regions of interest such as grain boundaries. Finally, nanoscale surface potential and photoluminescence mapping was performed at several stages of oxidation, revealing that various oxidative states can be evaluated during the aging process. Importantly, all of the characterization performed in this study was non-destructive and rapid, crucial for quality evaluation of an exciting class of two-dimensional nanomaterials.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: 2D Materials and Applications · Graphene research and applications · Nanowire Synthesis and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (65)
Show source-provided references
1. Zhang, Y. et al. Direct observation of the transition from indirect to direct bandgap in atomically thin epitaxial MoSe2. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 111–115 (2014).10.1038/nnano.2013.277 ↗
2. Meng, Y. et al. Repairing atomic vacancies in single-layer MoSe2 field-effect transistor and its defect dynamics. npj Quantum Mater. 2, 16 (2017).10.1038/s41535-017-0018-7 ↗
3. Mahjouri-Samani, M. et al. Tailoring vacancies far beyond intrinsic levels changes the carrier type and optical response in monolayer MoSe2-x crystals. Nano Lett. 16, 5213–5220 (2016).10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02263 ↗
4. Lehtinen, O. et al. Atomic scale microstructure and properties of se-deficient two-dimensional MoSe2. ACS Nano. 9, 3274–3283 (2015).10.1021/acsnano.5b00410 ↗
5. Lin, Z. et al. Defect engineering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. 2D Mater. 3, 022002 (2016).10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/022002 ↗
6. Hu, Z. et al. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides: Interface and defect engineering. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 3100–3128 (2018).10.1039/C8CS00024G ↗
7. Komsa, H. P. et al. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides under electron irradiation: defect production and doping. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 035503 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.035503 ↗
8. Zhang, S. et al. Defect structure of localized excitons in a WSe2 monolayer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 046101 (2017).10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.046101 ↗
9. Schwarz, S. et al. Electrically pumped single-defect light emitters in WSe2. 2D Mater. 3, 025038 (2016).10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/025038 ↗
10. Dang, J. et al. Identifying defect-related quantum emitters in monolayer WSe2. npj 2D Mater. Appl. 4, 2 (2020).10.1038/s41699-020-0136-0 ↗
11. Majee, A. K., Foss, C. J. & Aksamija, Z. Impact of mismatch angle on electronic transport across grain boundaries and interfaces in 2D materials. Sci. Rep. 7, 16597 (2017).10.1038/s41598-017-16744-0 ↗
12. Mesaros, A., Papanikolaou, S., Flipse, C. F. J., Sadri, D. & Zaanen, J. Electronic states of graphene grain boundaries. Phys. Rev. B 82, 205119 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevB.82.205119 ↗
13. Truong, Q. D. et al. Defect-rich exfoliated MoSe2 nanosheets by supercritical fluid process as an attractive catalyst for hydrogen evolution in water. Appl. Surf. Sci. 505, 144537 (2020).10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144537 ↗
14. Huang, X., Zeng, Z. & Zhang, H. Metal dichalcogenide nanosheets: preparation, properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 1934–1946 (2013).10.1039/c2cs35387c ↗
15. Xie, L. M. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide alloys: preparation, characterization and applications. Nanoscale 7, 18392–18401 (2015).10.1039/C5NR05712D ↗
16. Manzeli, S., Ovchinnikov, D., Pasquier, D., Yazyev, O. V. & Kis, A. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17033 (2017).10.1038/natrevmats.2017.33 ↗
17. Liu, X. & Hersam, M. C. 2D materials for quantum information science. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4, 669–684 (2019).10.1038/s41578-019-0136-x ↗
18. Glavin, N. R. et al. Emerging applications of elemental 2D materials. Adv. Mater. 32, 1904302 (2020).10.1002/adma.201904302 ↗
19. Binnig, G., Quate, C. F. & Gerber, C. Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986).10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930 ↗
20. Lee, C. et al. Frictional characteristics of atomically thin sheets. Science 328, 76–80 (2010).10.1126/science.1184167 ↗
21. Carpick, R. W. & Salmeron, M. Scratching the surface: fundamental investigations of tribology with atomic force microscopy. Chem. Rev. 97, 1163–1194 (1997).10.1021/cr960068q ↗
22. Nonnenmacher, M., O’Boyle, M. P. & Wickramasinghe, H. K. Kelvin probe force microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2921 (1991).10.1063/1.105227 ↗
23. Borodin, B. R. et al. Kelvin probe microscopy of MoSe2 monolayers on graphene. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1124, 081031 (2018).10.1088/1742-6596/1124/8/081031 ↗
24. Feng, Y. et al. In situ visualization and detection of surface potential variation of mono and multilayer MoSe2 under different humidities using Kelvin probe force microscopy. Nanotechnology. 28, 295705 (2017).10.1088/1361-6528/aa7183 ↗
25. Smithe, K. K. H. et al. Nanoscale heterogeneities in monolayer MoSe2 revealed by correlated scanning probe microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ACS Appl. Nano Mater 1, 572–579 (2018).10.1021/acsanm.7b00083 ↗
26. Atkin, J. et al. Nano-optical imaging and spectroscopy of order, phases, and domains in complex solids. Adv. Phys. 61, 745–842 (2012).10.1080/00018732.2012.737982 ↗
27. Su, W., Kumar, N., Mignuzzi, S., Crain, J. & Roy, D. Nanoscale mapping of excitonic processes in single-layer MoS2 using tip-enhanced photoluminescence microscopy. Nanoscale. 8, 10564–10569 (2016).10.1039/C5NR07378B ↗
28. Kim, Y., Lee, Y., Kim, H., Roy, S. & Kim, J. Near-field exciton imaging of chemically treated MoS2 monolayers. Nanoscale. 10, 8851–8858 (2018).10.1039/C8NR00606G ↗
29. Park, K. D. et al. Hybrid tip-enhanced nanospectroscopy and nanoimaging of monolayer WSe2 with local strain control. Nano Lett. 16, 2621–2627 (2016).10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00238 ↗
30. Sahoo, P. K. et al. Probing nano-heterogeneity and aging effects in lateral 2D heterostructures using tip-enhanced photoluminescence. Opt. Mater. Express. 9, 1620–1631 (2019).10.1364/OME.9.001620 ↗
31. Bao, W. et al. Visualizing nanoscale excitonic relaxation properties of disordered edges and grain boundaries in monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–7 (2015).10.1038/ncomms8993 ↗
32. Chowdhury, T. et al. Substrate-directed synthesis of MoS2 nanocrystals with tunable dimensionality and optical properties. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 29–34 (2020).10.1038/s41565-019-0571-2 ↗
33. Kato, R., Umakoshi, T., Sam, R. T. & Verma, P. Probing nanoscale defects and wrinkles in MoS2 by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging. Appl. Phys. Lett. 114, 073105 (2019).10.1063/1.5080255 ↗
34. Krayev, A. et al. Dry transfer of van der Waals crystals to noble metal surfaces to enable characterization of buried interfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11, 38218–38225 (2019).10.1021/acsami.9b09798 ↗
35. Jariwala, D. et al. Nanoscale doping heterogeneity in few-layer WSe2 exfoliated onto noble metals revealed by correlated SPM and TERS imaging. 2D Mater. 5, 035003 (2018).10.1088/2053-1583/aab7bc ↗
36. Najmaei, S. et al. Vapour phase growth and grain boundary structure of molybdenum disulphide atomic layers. Nat. Mater. 12, 754–759 (2013).10.1038/nmat3673 ↗
37. Wang, X. et al. Chemical vapor deposition growth of crystalline monolayer MoSe2. ACS Nano 8, 5125–5131 (2014).10.1021/nn501175k ↗
38. Zhu, H. et al. Remote plasma oxidation and atomic layer etching of MoS2. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8, 19119–19126 (2016).10.1021/acsami.6b04719 ↗
39. Melitz, W., Shen, J., Kummel, A. C. & Lee, S. Kelvin probe force microscopy and its application. Surf. Sci. Rep. 66, 1–27 (2011).10.1016/j.surfrep.2010.10.001 ↗
40. Qiao, Q. et al. Evolution of metastable defects and Its effect on the electronic properties of MoS2 films. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–10 (2018).10.1038/s41598-017-17765-5 ↗
41. Kong, D. et al. Synthesis of MoS2 and MoSe2 films with vertically aligned layers. Nano Lett. 13, 1341–1347 (2013).10.1021/nl400258t ↗
42. Tsai, C., Chan, K., Abild-Pedersen, F. & Norskov, J. K. Active edge sites in MoSe2 and WSe2 catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction: a density functional study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 13156–13164 (2014).10.1039/C4CP01237B ↗
43. Giannazzo, F. et al. Direct probing of grain boundary resistance in chemical vapor deposition-grown monolayer MoS2 by conductive atomic force microscopy. Phys. Status Solidi 14, 1–6 (2020).
44. Mouri, S., Miyauchi, Y. & Matsuda, K. Tunable photoluminescence of monolayer MoS2 via chemical doping. Nano Lett. 13, 5944–5948 (2013).10.1021/nl403036h ↗
45. Lin, Y. et al. Dielectric screening of excitons and trions in single-layer MoS2. Nano Lett. 14, 5569–5576 (2014).10.1021/nl501988y ↗
46. Prins, F., Goodman, A. J. & Tisdale, W. A. Reduced dielectric screening and enhanced energy transfer in single- and few-layer MoS2. Nano Lett. 14, 6087–6091 (2014).10.1021/nl5019386 ↗
47. Rong, Y. et al. Controlled preferential oxidation of grain boundaries in monolayer tungsten disulfide for direct optical imaging. ACS Nano 9, 3695–3703 (2015).10.1021/acsnano.5b00852 ↗
48. Longo, R. C. et al. Intrinsic air stability mechanisms of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide surfaces: basal versus edge oxidation. 2D Mater. 4, 025050 (2017).10.1088/2053-1583/aa636c ↗
49. Tongay, S. et al. Broad-range modulation of light emission in two-dimensional semiconductors by molecular physisorption gating. Nano Lett. 13, 2831–2836 (2013).10.1021/nl4011172 ↗
50. Shepard, G. D. et al. Trion-species-resolved quantum beats in MoSe2. ACS Nano 11, 11550–11558 (2017).10.1021/acsnano.7b06444 ↗
51. Pei, J. et al. Excited state biexcitons in atomically thin MoSe2. ACS Nano 11, 7468–7475 (2017).10.1021/acsnano.7b03909 ↗
52. Park, K. D., Jiang, T., Clark, G., Xu, X. & Raschke, M. B. Radiative control of dark excitons at room temperature by nano-optical antenna-tip Purcell effect. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 59–64 (2018).10.1038/s41565-017-0003-0 ↗
53. Scherübl, Z. et al. Observation of spin–orbit coupling induced Weyl points in a two-electron double quantum dot. Commun. Phys. 2, 108 (2019).10.1038/s42005-019-0200-2 ↗
54. Zhang, Y. et al. Simultaneous surface-enhanced resonant Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy of monolayer MoSe2: determination of ultrafast decay rates in nanometer dimension. Nano Lett. 19, 6284–6291 (2019).10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02425 ↗
55. Huang, J., Akselrod, G. M., Ming, T., Kong, J. & Mikkelsen, M. H. Tailored emission spectrum of 2D semiconductors using plasmonic nanocavities. ACS Photonics 5, 552–558 (2018).10.1021/acsphotonics.7b01085 ↗
56. Mukherjee, B. et al. Exciton emission intensity modulation of monolayer MoS2 via Au plasmon coupling. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–11 (2017).10.1038/s41598-016-0028-x ↗
57. Yong, C. K. et al. Biexcitonic optical Stark effects in monolayer molybdenum diselenide. Nat. Phys. 14, 1092–1096 (2018).10.1038/s41567-018-0216-7 ↗
58. Ishihara, T., Hong, X., Ding, J. & Nurmikko, A. V. Dielectric confinement effect for exciton and biexciton states in PbI4-based two-dimensional semiconductor structures. Surf. Sci. 267, 323–326 (1992).10.1016/0039-6028(92)91147-4 ↗
59. Raja, A. et al. Dielectric disorder in two-dimensional materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 832–837 (2019).10.1038/s41565-019-0520-0 ↗
60. Lien, D. H. et al. Electrical suppression of all nonradiative recombination pathways in monolayer semiconductors. Science 364, 468–471 (2019).10.1126/science.aaw8053 ↗
61. Choi, S. H., Shaolin, Z. & Yang, W. Layer-number-dependent work function of MoS2 nanoflakes. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 64, 1550–1555 (2014).10.3938/jkps.64.1550 ↗
62. Wang, X. et al. Defect heterogeneity in monolayer WS2 unveiled by work function variance. Chem. Mater. 31, 7970–7978 (2019).10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02157 ↗
63. Qi, L., Wang, Y., Shen, L. & Wu, Y. Chemisorption-induced n-doping of MoS2 by oxygen. Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 063103 (2016).10.1063/1.4941551 ↗
64. Liu, H. et al. Line and point defects in MoSe2 bilayer studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. ACS Nano 9, 6619–6625 (2015).10.1021/acsnano.5b02789 ↗
65. Pető, J. et al. Spontaneous doping of the basal plane of MoS2 single layers through oxygen substitution under ambient conditions. Nat. Chem. 10, 1246–1251 (2018).10.1038/s41557-018-0136-2 ↗