Golgi Apparatus Targeted Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Synergistic Chemotherapy, Photothermal Therapy, and Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Although metastatic cancer treatment has advanced in current medicine, finding effective treatments remains challenging due to the metastatic mechanism complexity. The integrity of the Golgi apparatus exerts a vital impact on the evolution and metastasis of a tumor. Meanwhile, targeted cancer therapy is a promising approach for treating cancers. Inspired by the research being conducted on the use of targeted cancer therapies, we developed a Golgi apparatus-targeted multifunctional graphene nanoplatform (PPG-CS@PTX) for the synergistic chemotherapy/photothermal therapy (PTT)/ photodynamic therapy (PDT) of metastatic breast cancer using single near-infrared (NIR) radiation. Interestingly, the obtained nanoparticles preferentially accumulated at the Golgi apparatus and liberated a considerable amount of paclitaxel in a slightly acidic environment. Subsequently, aided by a single NIR radiation, the Golgi structure was destroyed through synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/PDT. Consequently, migration, invasion, and tumor growth were successfully suppressed in vitro and in vivo. Overall, this study offers a promising strategy for treating metastatic breast cancer through synergistic chemotherapy/PTT/PDT with single NIR irradiation (980 nm).