journal article·2013-05Open access

Lipid-nanostructure hybrids and their applications in nanobiotechnology

Young Kwang Lee, Hyojin Lee, Jwa-Min Nam

NPG Asia Materials· Volume 5· Issue 5

Abstract

Cell membranes contain a variety of lipids and functional proteins that offer active platforms that organize the membrane components into functional assemblies and perform biologically important reactions. The dynamic and complex nature of the membranes makes them attractive materials, but at the same time, researchers report substantial experimental uncertainty in controlling the membrane reactions and extracting valuable information. The fascinating new structures and properties of nanomaterials could be utilized in addressing aforementioned issues, and the design and synthesis of lipid-nanostructure hybrids could be beneficial to the research areas in lipid-membrane biotechnology and nanobiotechnology. These hybrid structures possess dimensions that are comparable to that of biological molecules and structures and physicochemical properties that arise from both lipids and nanomaterials. Therefore, lipid-nanostructure hybrids offer additional options for control of the synthesized structures, provide new insight in understanding nanostructures and biological systems and allow the mimicking of functional subcellular membrane components and monitoring of the membrane-associated reactions in a highly sensitive and controllable manner. In this review, we present recent advances in the synthesis of various lipid-nanostructure hybrids and the application of these structures in biotechnology and nanotechnology. We further describe the scientific and practical applications of lipid-nanostructure hybrids for detecting membrane-targeting molecules, interfacing nanostructures with live cells and creating membrane-mimicking platforms to investigate various intercellular processes.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques · Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior · Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (91)

Show source-provided references
1. Bangham, A. D., Standish, M. M. & Watkins, J. C. Diffusion of univalent ions across lamellae of swollen phospholipids. J. Mol. Biol. 13, 238–252 (1965).10.1016/S0022-2836(65)80093-6 ↗
2. Tamm, L. K. & McConnell, H. M. Supported phospholipid bilayers. Biophys. J. 47, 105–113 (1985).10.1016/S0006-3495(85)83882-0 ↗
3. Brian, A. A. & McConnell, H. M. Allogeneic stimulation of cytotoxic T cells by supported planar membranes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 81, 6159–6163 (1984).10.1073/pnas.81.19.6159 ↗
4. Chan, Y. H. M. & Boxer, S. G. Model membrane systems and their applications. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 11, 581–587 (2007).10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.09.020 ↗
5. Castellana, E. T. & Cremer, P. S. Solid supported lipid bilayers: from biophysical studies to sensor design. Surf. Sci. Rep. 61, 429–444 (2006).10.1016/j.surfrep.2006.06.001 ↗
6. Tanaka, M. & Sackmann, E. Polymer-supported membranes as models of the cell surface. Nature 437, 656–663 (2005).10.1038/nature04164 ↗
7. Lee, Y. K. & Nam, J. -M. Electrofluidic lipid membrane biosensor. Small 8, 832–837 (2012).10.1002/smll.201102093 ↗
8. Nam, J. -M., Nair, P. M., Neve, R. M., Gray, J. W. & Groves, J. T. A fluid membrane-based soluble ligand-display system for live-cell assays. Chembiochem. 7, 436–440 (2006).10.1002/cbic.200500479 ↗
9. Liu, C. M., Monson, C. F., Yang, T. L., Pace, H. & Cremer, P. S. Protein separation by electrophoretic-electroosmotic focusing on sported lpid bilayers. Anal. Chem. 83, 7876–7880 (2011).10.1021/ac201768k ↗
10. Henzie, J., Grünwald, M., Widmer-Cooper, A., Geissler, P. L. & Yang, P. Self-assembly of uniform polyhedral silver nanocrystals into densest packings and exotic superlattices. Nat. Mater. 11, 131–137 (2012).10.1038/nmat3178 ↗
11. Nel, A. E., Madler, L., Velegol, D., Xia, T., Hoek, E. M. V., Somasundaran, P., Klaessig, F., Castranova, V. & Thompson, M. Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat. Mater. 8, 543–557 (2009).10.1038/nmat2442 ↗
12. Lee, J. -H., Kim, G. -H. & Nam, J. -M. Directional synthesis and assembly of bimetallic nanosnowmen with DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 11, 5456–5459 (2012).10.1021/ja2121525 ↗
13. Jesorka, A. & Orwar, O. Liposomes: technologies and analytical applications. Ann. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1, 801–832 (2008).10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112747 ↗
14. Bally, M., Bailey, K., Sugihara, K., Greshaber, D., Vörös, J. & Städler, B. Liposome and lipid bilayer arrays towards biosensing applications. Small 6, 2481–2497 (2010).10.1002/smll.201000644 ↗
15. Richter, R. P., Berat, R. & Brisson, A. R. Formation of solid-supported lipid bilayers: an integrated view. Langmuir 22, 3497–3505 (2006).10.1021/la052687c ↗
16. Roiter, Y., Ornatska, M., Rammohan, A. R., Balakrishnan, J., Heine, D. R. & Minko, S. Interaction of nanoparticles with lipid membrane. Nano Lett. 8, 941–944 (2008).10.1021/nl080080l ↗
17. Roiter, Y., Ornatska, M., Rammohan, A. R., Balakrishnan, J., Heine, D. R. & Minko, S. Interaction of lipid membrane with nanostructured surfaces. Langmuir 25, 6287–6299 (2009).10.1021/la900119a ↗
18. Mornet, S., Lambert, O., Duguet, E. & Brisson, A. The Nano Lett.formation of supported lipid bilayers on silica nanoparticles revealed by cryoelectron microscopy. Nano Lett. 5, 281–285 (2005).10.1021/nl048153y ↗
19. Pfeiffer, I., Seantier, B., Petronis, S., Sutherland, D., Kasemo, B. & Zach, M. Influence of nanotopography on phospholipid bilayer formation on silicon dioxide. J. Phys. Chem. B. 112, 5175–5181 (2008).10.1021/jp710614m ↗
20. Baciu, C. L., Becker, J., Janshoff, A. & Sonnichsen, C. Protein-membrane interaction probed by single plasmonic nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 8, 1724–1728 (2008).10.1021/nl080805l ↗
21. Jonsson, M. P., Jonsson, P., Dahlin, A. B. & Hook, F. Supported lipid bilayer formation and lipid-membrane-mediated biorecognition reactions studied with a new nanoplasmonic sensor template. Nano Lett. 7, 3462–3468 (2007).10.1021/nl072006t ↗
22. Hovis, J. S. & Boxer, S. G. Patterning barriers to lateral diffusion in supported lipid bilayer membranes by blotting and stamping. Langmuir 16, 894–897 (2000).10.1021/la991175t ↗
23. Groves, J. T., Ulman, N. & Boxer, S. G. Micropatterning fluid lipid bilayers on solid supports. Science 275, 651–653 (1997).10.1126/science.275.5300.651 ↗
24. Boxer, S. G. & Groves, J. T. Micropattern formation in supported lipid membranes. Acc. Chem. Res. 35, 149–157 (2002).10.1021/ar950039m ↗
25. Groves, J. T., Ulman, N. & Boxer, S. G. Micropatterning fluid lipid bilayers on solid supports. Science 275, 651–653 (1997).10.1126/science.275.5300.651 ↗
26. Kam, L. & Boxer, S. G. Formation of supported lipid bilayer composition arrays by controlled mixing and surface capture. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 12901–12902 (2000).10.1021/ja0034038 ↗
27. Nair, P. M., Salaita, K., Petit, R. S. & Groves, J. T. Using patterned supported lipid membranes to investigate the role of receptor organization in intercellular signaling. Nat. Prot 6, 523–539 (2011).10.1038/nprot.2011.302 ↗
28. Salaita, K., Wang, Y. H. & Mirkin, C. A. Applications of dip-pen nanolithography. Nat. Nanotech. 2, 145–155 (2007).10.1038/nnano.2007.39 ↗
29. Salaita, K., Wang, Y. H., Fragala, J., Vega, R. A., Liu, C. & Mirkin, C. A. Massively parallel dip-pen nanolithography with 55000-pen two-dimensional arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 7220–7223 (2006).10.1002/anie.200603142 ↗
30. Narui, Y. & Salaita, K. S. Dip-pen nanolithography of optically transparent cationic polymers to manipulate spatial organization of proteolipid membranes. Chem. Sci 3, 794–799 (2012).10.1039/C1SC00475A ↗
31. Lenhert, S., Sun, P., Wang, Y. H., Fuchs, H. & Mirkin, C. A. Massively parallel dip-pen nanolithography of heterogeneous supported phospholipid multilayer patterns. Small 3, 71–75 (2007).10.1002/smll.200600431 ↗
32. Sekula, S., Fuchs, J., Weg-Remers, S., Nagel, P., Schuppler, S., Fragala, J., Theilacker, N., Franzreb, M., Wingren, C., Ellmark, P., Borrebaeck, C. A., Mirkin, C. A., Fuchs, H. & Lenhert, S. Multiplexed lipid dip-pen nanolithography on subcellular scales for the templating of functional proteins and cell culture. Small 4, 1785–1793 (2008).10.1002/smll.200800949 ↗
33. Shi, J. J., Chen, J. X. & Cremer, P. S. Sub-100 nm patterning of supported bilayers by nanoshaving lithography. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 2718–2719 (2008).10.1021/ja077730s ↗
34. Lohmuller, T., Triffo, S., O′Donoghue, G. P., Xu, Q., Coyle, M. P. & Groves, J. T. Supported membranes embedded with fixed arrays of gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 11, 4912–4918 (2011).10.1021/nl202847t ↗
35. Zheng, G. F., Patolsky, F., Cui, Y., Wang, W. U. & Lieber, C. M. Multiplexed electrical detection of cancer markers with nanowire sensor arrays. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 1294–1301 (2005).10.1038/nbt1138 ↗
36. Richard, C., Balavoine, F., Schultz, P., Ebbesen, T. W. & Mioskowski, C. Supramolecular self-assembly of lipid derivatives on carbon nanotubes. Science 300, 775–778 (2003).10.1126/science.1080848 ↗
37. Artyukhin, A. B., Shestakov, A., Harper, J., Bakajin, O., Stroeve, P. & Noy, A. Functional one-dimensional lipid bilayers on carbon nanotube templates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 7538–7542 (2005).10.1021/ja043431g ↗
38. Huang, S. C. J., Artyukhin, A. B., Martinez, J. A., Sirbuly, D. J., Wang, Y., Ju, J. W., Stroeve, P. & Noy, A. Formation, stability, and mobility of one-dimensional lipid Bilayers on polysilicon nanowires. Nano Lett. 7, 3355–3359 (2007).10.1021/nl071641w ↗
39. Stamou, D., Duschl, C., Delamarche, E. & Vogel, H. Self-assembled microarrays of attoliter molecular vessels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 5580–5583 (2003).10.1002/anie.200351866 ↗
40. Bolinger, P. -Y., Stamou, D. & Vogel, H. Intergrated nanoreactor systems: triggering the release and mixing of compounds inside single vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8594–8595 (2004).10.1021/ja049023u ↗
41. Pick, H., Schmid, E. L., Tairi, A. P., Ilegems, E., Hovius, R. & Vogel, H. Investigating cellular signaling reactions in single attoliter vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2908–2912 (2005).10.1021/ja044605x ↗
42. Bolinger., P. -Y., Stamou, D. & Vogel, H. An integrated self-assembled nanofluidic system for controlled biological chemistries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 5544–5549 (2008).10.1002/anie.200801606 ↗
43. Cisse, I., Okumus, B., Joo, C. & Ha, T. Single-molecule chemistry and biology special feature: fueling protein–DNA interactions inside porous nanocontainers. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci 104, 12646–12650 (2007).10.1073/pnas.0610673104 ↗
44. Cristensen, S. M., Bolinger, P. -Y., Hatzakis, N. S., Mortensen, M. W. & Stamou, D. Mixing subattolitre volumes in a quantitative and highly parallel manner with soft matter nanofluidics. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 51–55 (2011).10.1038/nnano.2011.185 ↗
45. Karlsson, R., Karlsson, A., Ewing, A., Dommersnes, P., Joanny, J. F., Jesorka, A. & Orwar, O. Chemical analysis in nanoscale surfactant networks. Anal. Chem. 78, 5960–5968 (2006).10.1021/ac069451d ↗
46. Karlsson, M., Davidson, M., Karlsson, R., Karlsson, A., Bergenholtz, J., Zoran, K., Jesorka, A., Lobovkina, T., Hurtig, J., Voinova, M. & Orwar, O. Biomemetic nanoscale reactors and networks. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 55, 613–649 (2004).10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.091602.094319 ↗
47. Jesorka, A., Stepanyants., N., Zhang, H. J., Ortmen, B., Hakonen, B. & Orwar, O. Generation of phospholipid vesicle-nanotube networks and transport of molecules therein. Nat. Prot 6, 791–805 (2011).10.1038/nprot.2011.321 ↗
48. Hurtig, J., Karlsson, M. & Orwar, O. Topographic SU 8 substrates for immobilization of three-dimensional nanotube-vesicle networks. Langmuir 20, 5637–5641 (2004).10.1021/la0498051 ↗
49. Schmitt, E. K., Vrouenraets, M. & Steinem, C. Channel activity of OmpF monitored in nano-BLMs. Biophys. J. 91, 2163–2171 (2006).10.1529/biophysj.106.083592 ↗
50. Favero, G., Campanella, L., Cavallo, S., D′Annibale, A., Perrella, M., Mattei, E. & Ferri, T. Glutamate receptor incorporated in a mixed hybrid bilayer lipid membrane array, as a sensing element of a biosensor working under flowing conditions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 8103–8111 (2005).10.1021/ja042904g ↗
51. Romer, W., Lam, Y. H., Fischer, D., Watts, A., Fischer, W. B., Goring, P., Wehrspohn, R. B., Gosele, U. & Steinem, C. Channel activity of a viral transmembrane peptide in micro-BLMs: Vpu1-32 from HIV-1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 16267–16274 (2004).10.1021/ja0451970 ↗
52. Simon, A., Girard-Egrot, A., Sauter, F., Pudda, C., D′Hahan, N. P., Blum, L., Chatelain, F. & Fuchs, A. Formation and stability of a suspended biomimetic lipid bilayer on silicon submicrometer-sized pores. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 308, 337–343 (2007).10.1016/j.jcis.2006.11.050 ↗
53. Mey, I., Stephan, M., Schmitt, E. K., Müller, M. M., Ben Amar, M., Steinem, C. & Janshoff, A. Local membrane mechanics of pore-spanning bilayers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 7031–7039 (2009).10.1021/ja809165h ↗
54. Weiskopf, D., Schmitt, E. K., Kluhr, M. H., Dertinger, S. K. & Steinem, C. Micro-BLMs on highly ordered porous silicon substrates: rupture process and lateral mobility. Langmuir 23, 9134–9139 (2007).10.1021/la701080u ↗
55. Han., X., Studer, A., Sehr, H., Geissbuhler, I., Di Berardino, M., Winkler, F. & Tiefenauer, L. Nanopore arrays for stable and functional free-standing lipid bilayers. Adv. Mater. 19, 4466–4470 (2007).10.1002/adma.200700468 ↗
56. Steltenkamp, S., Muller, M. M., Deserno, M., Hennesthal, C., Steinem, C. & Janshoff, A. Mechanical properties of pore-spanning lipid bilayers probed by atomic force microscopy. J. Biophysical 91, 217–226 (2006).10.1529/biophysj.106.081398 ↗
57. Willets, K. A. & Van Duyne, R. P. Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and sensing. Annu. Rev. Physical Chem. 58, 267–297 (2007).10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104607 ↗
58. Galush, W. J., Shelby, S. A., Mulvihill, M. J., Tao, A., Yang, P. & Groves, J. T. A nanocube plasmonic sensor for molecular binding on membrane surfaces. Nano Lett. 9, 2077–2082 (2009).10.1021/nl900513k ↗
59. Wu, H. -J., Henzie, J., Lin, W. -C., Rhodes, C., Li, Z., Sartorel, E., Thorner, J., Yang, P. & Groves, J. T. Membrane-protein binding measured with solution-phase plasmonic nanocube sensors. Nat. Methods 9, 1189–1191 (2012).10.1038/nmeth.2211 ↗
60. Prikulis, J., Hanarp, P., Olofsson, L., Sutherland, D. & Kall, M. Optical spectroscopy of nanometric holes in thin gold films. Nano Lett. 4, 1003–1007 (2004).10.1021/nl0497171 ↗
61. Dahlin, B., Jonsson, P. & Hook, F. Specific self-assembly of single lipid vesicles in nanoplasmonic apertures in gold. Adv. Mater 20, 1436–1442 (2008).10.1002/adma.200701697 ↗
62. Dahlin, A., Zach, M., Rindzevicius, T., Kall, M., Sutherland, D. S. & Hook, F. Localized surface plasmon resonance sensing of lipid-membrane-mediated biorecognition events. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 5043–5048 (2005).10.1021/ja043672o ↗
63. Mossman, K. D., Campi, G., Groves, J. T. & Dustin, M. L. Altered TCR signaling from geometrically repatterned immunological synapses. Science 310, 1191–1193 (2005).10.1126/science.1119238 ↗
64. Hayden, C. C., Hwang, J. S., Abate, E. A., Kent, M. S. & Sasaki, D. Y. Directed formation of lipid membrane microdomains as high affinity sites for His-tagged proteins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 8728–8729 (2009).10.1021/ja901157c ↗
65. Yang, Y. -H. & Nam, J. -M. Single nanoparticle tracking-based detection of membrane receptor-ligand Interactions. Anal. Chem. 81, 2564–2568 (2009).10.1021/ac802477h ↗
66. Lenhert, S., Brinkmann, F., Laus, T., Walheim, S., Vannahme, C., Klinkhammer, S., Xu, M., Sekula, S., Mappes, T., Schimmel, T. & Fuchs, H. Lipid multilayer gratings. Nat. Nanotech 5, 275–279 (2010).10.1038/nnano.2010.17 ↗
67. Martinez, J. A., Misra, N., Wang, Y., Stroeve, P., Grigoropoulos, C. P. & Noy, A. Highly efficient biocompatible single silicon nanowire electrodes with functional biological pore channels. Nano Lett. 9, 1121–1126 (2009).10.1021/nl8036504 ↗
68. Misra, N., Martinez, J. A., Huang, S. -C. J., Wang, Y., Stroeve, P., Grigoropoulos, C. P. & Noy, A. Bioelectronic silicon nanowire devices using functional membrane proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci 106, 13780–13784 (2009).10.1073/pnas.0904850106 ↗
69. Huang, S. C. J., Artyukhin, A. B., Misra, N., Martinez, J. A., Stroeve, P. A., Grigoropoulos, C. P., Ju, J. -W. W. & Noy, A. Carbon nanotube transistor controlled by a biological ion pump gate. Nano Lett. 10, 1812–1816 (2010).10.1021/nl100499x ↗
70. Zhou, X., Moran-Mirabal, J. M., Craighead, H. G. & McEuene, P. L. Supported lipid bilayer//carbon nanotube hybrids. Nat. Nanotech 2, 185–190 (2007).10.1038/nnano.2007.34 ↗
71. Ang, P. K., Jaiswal, M., Lim, C. H. Y. X., Wang, Y., Sankaran, J., Li, A., Lim, C. T., Wohland, T., Barbaros, O. & Loh, K. P. A bioelectronic platform using a graphene-lipid bilayer interface. Acs Nano 4, 7387–7394 (2010).10.1021/nn1022582 ↗
72. Reimhult, E. & Kumar, K. Membrane biosensor platforms using nano- and microporous supports. Trends in Biotech 26, 82–89 (2008).10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.004 ↗
73. Dekker, C. Solid-state nanopores. Nat. Nanotech. 2, 209–215 (2007).10.1038/nnano.2007.27 ↗
74. Yusko, E. C., Johnson, J. M., Majd, S., Prangkio, P., Rollings, R. C., Li, J., Yang, J. & Mayer, M. Controlling protein translocation through nanopores with bio-inspired fluid walls. Nat. Nanotech 6, 253–260 (2011).10.1038/nnano.2011.12 ↗
75. Verhey, K. J. & Hammond, J. W. Traffic control: regulation of kinesin motors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biolo 10, 765–777 (2009).10.1038/nrm2782 ↗
76. Takimoto, B., Nabika, H. & Murakoshi, K. Single molecular observation of hop diffusion in a lipid bilayer at metallic nanogates. J. Physic. Chem. C 113, 3127–3132 (2009).10.1021/jp808681d ↗
77. Tsai, J., Sun, E., Gao, Y., Hone, J. C. & Kam, L. C. Non-brownian diffusion of membrane molecules in nanopatterned supported lipid bilayers. Nano Lett. 8, 425–430 (2008).10.1021/nl072304q ↗
78. McMahon, H. T. & Gallop, J. L. Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling. Nature 438, 590–596 (2005).10.1038/nature04396 ↗
79. Parthasarathy, R. & Groves, J. T. Curvature and spatial organization in biological membranes. Soft Matter 3, 24–33 (2007).10.1039/B608631D ↗
80. Antonny, B. Mechanisms of membrane curvature sensing. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 80, 101–123 (2011).10.1146/annurev-biochem-052809-155121 ↗
81. Hancock, J. F. Lipid rafts: contentious only from simplistic standpoints. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 456–462 (2006).10.1038/nrm1925 ↗
82. Yoon, T. -Y., Jeong, C., Lee, S. -W., Kim, J. H., Choi, M. C., Kim, S. -J., Kim, M. W. & Lee, S. -D. Topographic control of lipid-raft reconstitution in model membranes. Nat. Mater. 5, 281–285 (2006).10.1038/nmat1618 ↗
83. Saito, T. & Yokosuka, T. Immunological synapse and microclusters: the site for recognition and activation of T cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 18, 305–313 (2006).10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.014 ↗
84. He, L., Fong, J., von Zastrow, M. & Whistler, J. L. Regulation of opioid receptor trafficking and morphine tolerance by receptor oligomerization. Cell 108, 271–282 (2002).10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00613-X ↗
85. Grakoui, A., Bromley, S. K., Sumen, C., Davis, M. M., Shaw, A. S., Allen, P. M. & Dustin, M. L. The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science 285, 221–227 (1999).10.1126/science.285.5425.221 ↗
86. Grakoui, A., Bromley, S. K., Sumen, C., Davis, M. M., Shaw, A. S., Allen, P. M. & Dustin, M. L. The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science 285, 221–227 (1999).10.1126/science.285.5425.221 ↗
87. Salaita, K., Nair, P. M., Petit, R. S., Neve, R. M., Das, D., Gray, J. W. & Groves, J. T. Restriction of receptor movement alters cellular response: physical force sensing by EphA2. Science 327, 1380–1385 (2010).10.1126/science.1181729 ↗
88. Persson, F., Fritzsche, J., Mir, K. U., Modesti, M., Westerlund, F. & Tegenfeldt, J. O. Lipid-based passivation in nanofluidics. Nano Lett. 12, 2260–2265 (2012).10.1021/nl204535h ↗
89. Huang, Y., Palkar, P. V., Li, L. J., Zhang, H. & Chen, P. Integrating carbon nanotubes and lipid bilayer for biosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25, 1834–1837 (2010).10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.011 ↗
90. Kashimura, Y., Furukawa, K. & Torimitsu, K. Electrostatic control of lipid bilayer self-spreading using a nanogap gate on a solid support. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 6118–6121 (2011).10.1021/ja200367n ↗
91. Jackson, B. L., Nye, J. A. & Groves, J. T. Electrical manipulation of supported lipid membranes by embedded electrodes. Langmuir 24, 6189–6193 (2008).10.1021/la800040w ↗