Energy transfer in supramolecular materials for new applications in photonics and electronics
Source abstract
Abstract
Supramolecular materials use self-assembly of molecular components to form complex architectures that may otherwise be extremely difficult to prepare. One of the fundamental aspects of this approach is that relatively weak intermolecular forces are used to direct the assembly of the subcomponents. An important point is how to achieve strong electronic communication throughout the material in view of the ‘looseness’ of the molecular constituents, which interact only weakly. This is particularly important for applications in molecular electronics where exciton delocalization and charge transport generally limit the overall device performance. This review focuses on recent advances in supramolecular materials and architectures that are engineered to possess efficient energy transfer between the self-assembled component in view of new applications in photonics and electronics. Many biological functions are performed by molecules that self-assemble into large structures, and this concept is also used in supramolecular chemistry to design artificial single-molecule devices. Ken-Tsung Wong from National Taiwan University and Dario Bassani from the University of Bordeaux in France review efforts in supramolecular chemistry to achieve a strong electrical connection between different sections of such devices, even if they are only connected via weak chemical bonds. A strong energy transfer is important for electronic and photonic applications and can be achieved through the control of various intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds. A further issue is the directionality of the energy transfer in a molecule. This poses a challenge for applications such as solar cells but can be mitigated though the use of appropriate molecular geometries such as tubes or nanowires. The scope and limitations of using supramolecular interactions to control and direct energy transfer processes in self-assembled materials are discussed with emphasis on recent developments in the field.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Supramolecular Self-Assembly in Materials · Supramolecular Chemistry and Complexes · Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (89)
Show source-provided references
1. Burattini, S., Colquhoun, H. M., Greenland, B. W. & Hayes, W. A novel self-healing supramolecular polymer system. Faraday Discuss. 143, 251–264 (2009).10.1039/b900859d ↗
2. Montarnal, D., Tournilhac, F., Hidalgo, M., Couturier, J. L. & Leibler, L. Versatile one-pot synthesis of supramolecular plastics and self-healing rubbers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 7966–7967 (2009).10.1021/ja903080c ↗
3. Reutenauer, P., Buhler, E., Boul, P. J., Candau, S. J. & Lehn, J. M. Room temperature dynamic polymers based on Diels-Alder chemistry. Chem. Eur. J. 15, 1893–1900 (2009).10.1002/chem.200802145 ↗
4. Willner, I., Shlyahovsky, B., Zayats, M. & Willner, B. DNAzymes for sensing, nanobiotechnology and logic gate applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 1153–1165 (2008).10.1039/b718428j ↗
5. Fukino, T., Joo, H., Hisada, Y., Obana, M., Yamagishi, H., Hikima, T., Takata, M., Fujita, N. & Aida, T. Manipulation of discrete nanostructures by selective modulation of noncovalent forces. Science 344, 499–504 (2014).10.1126/science.1252120 ↗
6. Rybtchinski, B. Adaptive supramolecular nanomaterials based on strong noncovalent interactions. ACS Nano 5, 6791–6818 (2011).10.1021/nn2025397 ↗
7. De Luca, G., Pisula, W., Credgington, D., Treossi, E., Fenwick, O., Lazzerini, G. M., Dabirian, R., Orgiu, E., Liscio, A., Palermo, V., Müllen, K., Cacialli, F. & Samori, P. Non-conventional processing and post-processing methods for the nanostructuring of conjugated materials for organic electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 21, 1279–1295 (2011).10.1002/adfm.201001769 ↗
8. Grozema, F. C. & Siebbeles, L. D. A. Mechanism of charge transport in self-organizing organic materials. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 27, 87–138 (2008).10.1080/01442350701782776 ↗
9. Chen, Z. J., Lohr, A., Saha-Moller, C. R. & Würthner, F. Self-assembled π-stacks of functional dyes in solution: structural and thermodynamic features. Chem. Soc. Rev. 38, 564–584 (2009).10.1039/B809359H ↗
10. González-Rodríguez, D. & Schenning, A. P. H. J. Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular π-functional materials. Chem. Mater. 23, 310–325 (2010).10.1021/cm101817h ↗
11. Saha, M. L., De, S., Pramanik, S. & Schmittel, M. Orthogonality in discrete self-assembly - survey of current concepts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 6860–6909 (2013).10.1039/c3cs60098j ↗
12. Ghosh, S., Li, X. Q., Stepanenko, V. & Würthner, F. Control of H- and J-type π stacking by peripheral alkyl chains and self-sorting phenomena in perylene bisimide homo- and heteroaggregates. Chem. Eur. J. 14, 11343–11357 (2008).10.1002/chem.200801454 ↗
13. Dubacheva, G. V., Liang, C.-K. & Bassani, D. M. Functional monolayers from carbon nanostructures - fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene - as novel materials for solar energy conversion. Coord. Chem. Rev. 256, 2628–2639 (2012).10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.007 ↗
14. Ray, D., Liang, C.-K., McClenaghan, N. D. & Bassani, D. M. Organic and supramolecular materials for LED and photovoltaic applications. Curr. Phys. Chem. 1, 169–180 (2011).10.2174/1877946811101030169 ↗
15. Bassani, D. M., Jonusauskaite, L., Lavie-Cambot, A., McClenaghan, N. D., Pozzo, J.-L., Ray, D. & Vives, G. Harnessing supramolecular interactions in organic solid-state devices: current status and future potential. Coord. Chem. Rev. 254, 2429–2445 (2010).10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.007 ↗
16. Babu, S. S., Prasanthkumar, S. & Ajayaghosh, A. Self-assembled gelators for organic electronics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 1766–1776 (2012).10.1002/anie.201106767 ↗
17. Halls, J. J. M., Pichler, K., Friend, R. H., Moratti, S. C. & Holmes, A. B. Exciton diffusion and dissociation in a poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/C-60 heterojunction photovoltaic cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3120–3122 (1996).10.1063/1.115797 ↗
18. Lim, J. M., Kim, P., Yoon, M.-C., Sung, J., Dehm, V., Chen, Z., Würthner, F. & Kim, D. Exciton delocalization and dynamics in helical π-stacks of self-assembled perylene bisimides. Chem. Sci. 4, 388–397 (2013).10.1039/C2SC21178E ↗
19. Yagai, S., Usui, M., Seki, T., Murayama, H., Kikkawa, Y., Uemura, S., Karatsu, T., Kitamura, A., Asano, A. & Seki, S. Supramolecularly engineered perylene bisimide assemblies exhibiting thermal transition from columnar to multilamellar structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 7983–7994 (2012).10.1021/ja302574b ↗
20. Rao, K. V., Jain, A. & George, S. J. Organic-inorganic light-harvesting scaffolds for luminescent hybrids. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 3055–3064 (2014).10.1039/C3TC31729C ↗
21. Ajayaghosh, A., Praveen, V. K. & Vijayakumar, C. Organogels as scaffolds for excitation energy transfer and light harvesting. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 109–122 (2008).10.1039/B704456A ↗
22. Praveen, V. K., Ranjith, C., Bandini, E., Ajayaghosh, A. & Armaroli, N. Oligo(phenylenevinylene) hybrids and self-assemblies: versatile materials for excitation energy transfer. Chem. Soc. Rev. 43, 4222–4242 (2014).10.1039/C3CS60406C ↗
23. Babu, S. S., Praveen, V. K. & Ajayaghosh, A. Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem. Rev. 114, 1973–2129 (2014).10.1021/cr400195e ↗
24. Giansante, C., Raffy, G., Schäfer, C., Rahma, H., Kao, M.-T., Olive, A. G. L. & Del Guerzo, A. White-light-emitting self-assembled nanofibers and their evidence by microspectroscopy of individual objects. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 316–325 (2011).10.1021/ja106807u ↗
25. Giansante, C., Schäfer, C., Raffy, G. & Del Guerzo, A. Exploiting direct and cascade energy transfer for color-tunable and white-light emission in three-component self-assembled nanofibers. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 21706–21716 (2012).10.1021/jp3073188 ↗
26. Del Guerzo, A., Olive, A. G. L., Reichwagen, J., Hopf, H. & Desvergne, J.-P. Energy transfer in self-assembled [n]-acene fibers involving ≥100 donors per acceptor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 17984–17985 (2005).10.1021/ja0566228 ↗
27. Lei, Y.-Y., Jin, Y., Zhou, D.-Y., Gu, W., Shi, X.-B., Liao, L.-S. & Lee, S.-T. White-light emitting microtubes of mixed organic charge-transfer complexes. Adv. Mater. 24, 5345–5351 (2012).10.1002/adma.201201493 ↗
28. Praveen, V. K., Ranjith, C. & Armaroli, N. White-light-emitting supramolecular gels. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 365–368 (2014).10.1002/anie.201306787 ↗
29. Olive, A. G. L., Del Guerzo, A., Schäfer, C., Raffy, G. & Giansante, C. Fluorescence amplification in self-assembled organic nanoparticles by excitation energy migration and transfer. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 10410–10416 (2010).10.1021/jp102512t ↗
30. Zhou, Q. & Swager, T. M. Method for enhancing the sensitivity of fluorescent chemosensors: energy migration in conjugated polymers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 7017–7018 (1995).10.1021/ja00131a031 ↗
31. Kartha, K. K., Babu, S. S., Srinivasan, S. & Ajayaghosh, A. Attogram sensing of trinitrotoluene with a self-assembled molecular gelator. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 4834–4841 (2012).10.1021/ja210728c ↗
32. Zhang, X., Rehm, S., Safont-Sempere, M. M. & Würthner, F. Vesicular perylene dye nanocapsules as supramolecular fluorescent pH sensor systems. Nat. Chem. 1, 623–629 (2009).10.1038/nchem.368 ↗
33. Zhang, X., Goerl, D. & Würthner, F. White-light emitting dye micelles in aqueous solution. Chem. Commun. 49, 8178–8180 (2013).10.1039/c3cc44875d ↗
34. Goerl, D., Zhang, X. & Würthner, F. Molecular aggregates of perylene bisimide dyes in water. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 6328–6348 (2012).10.1002/anie.201108690 ↗
35. Yagai, S., Aonuma, H., Kikkawa, Y., Kubota, S., Karatsu, T., Kitamura, A., Mahesh, S. & Ajayaghosh, A. Rational design of nanofibers and nanorings through complementary hydrogen-bonding interactions of functional π systems. Chem. Eur. J. 16, 8652–8661 (2010).10.1002/chem.201000839 ↗
36. Kuo, M.-C., Chen, H.-F., Shyue, J.-J., Bassani, D. M. & Wong, K.-T. In situ reversible conversion of porphyrin aggregate morphology. Chem. Commun. 48, 8051–8053 (2012).10.1039/c2cc33438k ↗
37. Tseng, K.-P., Tsai, Y.-T., Wu, C.-C., Shyue, J.-J., Bassani, D. M. & Wong, K.-T. Light- and solvent-driven morphological transformations of self-assembled hydrogen-bonded nanostructures. Chem. Commun. 49, 11536–11538 (2013).10.1039/c3cc47288d ↗
38. Dautel, O. J., Robitzer, M., Flores, J.-C., Tondelier, D., Serein-Spirau, F., Lère-Porte, J.-P., Guérin, D., Lenfant, S., Tillard, M., Vuillaume, D. & Moreau, J. J. E. Electroactive nanorods and nanorings designed by supramolecular association of π-conjugated oligomers. Chem. Eur. J 14, 4201–4213 (2008).10.1002/chem.200701638 ↗
39. Tseng, K.-P., Fang, F.-C., Shyue, J.-J., Wong, K.-T., Raffy, G., Del Guerzo, A. & Bassani, D. M. Spontaneous generation of highly emissive RGB organic nanospheres. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 7032–7036 (2011).10.1002/anie.201101945 ↗
40. Velu, S. K. P., Yan, M., Tseng, K.-P., Wong, K.-T., Bassani, D. M. & Terech, P. Spontaneous formation of artificial vesicles in organic media through hydrogen-bonding interactions. Macromolecules 46, 1591–1598 (2013).10.1021/ma302595g ↗
41. Rao, K. V., Datta, K. K. R., Eswaramoorthy, M. & George, S. J. Highly pure solid-state white-light emission from solution-processable soft-hybrids. Adv. Mater. 25, 1713–1718 (2013).10.1002/adma.201204407 ↗
42. Seki, T., Maruya, Y., Nakayama, K.-i., Karatsu, T., Kitamura, A. & Yagai, S. Solution processable hydrogen-bonded perylene bisimide assemblies organizing into lamellar architectures. Chem. Commun. 47, 12447–12449 (2011).10.1039/c1cc15118e ↗
43. Stevens, A. L., Kaeser, A., Schenning, A. P. H. J. & Herz, L. M. Morphology-dependent energy transfer dynamics in fluorene-based amphiphile nanoparticles. ACS Nano 6, 4777–4787 (2012).10.1021/nn204942r ↗
44. Ajayaghosh, A., Vijayakumar, C., Praveen, V. K., Babu, S. S. & Varghese, R. Self-location of acceptors as “isolated” or “stacked” energy traps in a supramolecular donor self-assembly: a strategy to wavelength tunable FRET emission. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7174–7175 (2006).10.1021/ja0621905 ↗
45. Hennig, A., Hatami, S., Spieles, M. & Resch-Genger, U. Excitation energy migration and trapping on the surface of fluorescent poly(acrylic acid)-grafted polymer particles. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 12, 729–737 (2013).10.1039/c2pp25364j ↗
46. Fink, R. F., Seibt, J., Engel, V., Renz, M., Kaupp, M., Lochbrunner, S., Zhao, H. M., Pfister, J., Würthner, F. & Engels, B. Exciton trapping in π-conjugated materials: a quantum-chemistry-based protocol applied to perylene bisimide dye aggregates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 12858–11259 (2008).10.1021/ja804331b ↗
47. Kwon, J. E., Park, S. & Park, S. Y. Realizing molecular pixel system for full-color fluorescence reproduction: RGB-emitting molecular mixture free from energy transfer crosstalk. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 11239–11246 (2013).10.1021/ja404256s ↗
48. West, B. A., Womick, J. M., McNeil, L. E., Tan, K. J. & Moran, A. M. Ultrafast dynamics of frenkel excitons in tetracene and rubrene single crystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 10580–10591 (2010).10.1021/jp101621v ↗
49. Bu, L., Pentzer, E., Bokel, F. A., Emrick, T. & Hayward, R. C. Growth of polythiophene/perylene tetracarboxydiimide donor/acceptor shish-kebab nanostructures by coupled crystal modification. ACS Nano 6, 10924–10929 (2012).10.1021/nn3043836 ↗
50. Sukhanova, A., Baranov, A. V., Perova, T. S., Cohen, J. H. M. & Nabiev, I. Controlled self-assembly of nanocrystals into polycrystalline fluorescent dendrites with energy-transfer properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 2048–2052 (2006).10.1002/anie.200503016 ↗
51. Li, H., Babu, S. S., Turner, S. T., Neher, D., Hollamby, M. J., Seki, T., Yagai, S., Deguchi, Y., Möhwald, H. & Nakanishi, T. Alkylated-C60 based soft materials: regulation of self-assembly and optoelectronic properties by chain branching. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 1943–1951 (2013).10.1039/c3tc00066d ↗
52. Chu, C.-C., Raffy, G., Ray, D., Del Guerzo, A., Kauffmann, B., Wantz, G., Hirsch, L. & Bassani, D. M. Self-assembly of supramolecular fullerene ribbons via hydrogen-bonding interactions and their impact on fullerene electronic interactions and charge carrier mobility. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 12717–12723 (2010).10.1021/ja104750f ↗
53. Raffy, G., Ray, D., Chu, C.-C., Del Guerzo, A. & Bassani, D. M. Controlling the emission polarization from single crystals using light: towards photopolic materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 9584–9588 (2011).10.1002/anie.201102283 ↗
54. Darcos, V., Griffith, K., Sallenave, X., Desvergne, J.-P., Guyard-Duhayon, C., Hasenknopf, B. & Bassani, D. M. Supramolecular control of [2+2] photodimerization via hydrogen bonding. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2, 1152–1161 (2003).10.1039/b307525g ↗
55. Raffy, G., Ray, D., Chu, C.-C., Del Guerzo, A. & Bassani, D. M. Effect of hydrogen-bonding on the excited-state reactivity of fullerene derivatives and its impact on the control of the emission polarisation from photopolic single crystals. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 8859–8865 (2012).10.1039/c2cp40504k ↗
56. Guldi, D. M. Fullerene-porphyrin architectures; photosynthetic antenna and reaction center models. Chem. Soc. Rev. 31, 22–36 (2002).10.1039/b106962b ↗
57. Babu, S. S., Möhwald, H. & Nakanishi, T. Recent progress in morphology control of supramolecular fullerene assemblies and its applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 4021–4035 (2010).10.1039/c000680g ↗
58. D'Souza, F. & Ito, O. Photoinduced electron transfer in supramolecular systems of fullerenes functionalized with ligands capable of binding to zinc porphyrins and zinc phthalocyanines. Coord. Chem. Rev. 249, 1410–1422 (2005).10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.002 ↗
59. Chandra, B., Stranius, K., D'Souza, P., Subbaiyan, N. K., Lemmetyinen, H., Tkachenko, N. V. & D'Souza, F. Sequential photoinduced energy and electron transfer directed improved performance of the supramolecular solar cell of a zinc porphyrin-zinc phthalocyanine conjugate modified TiO2 surface. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 763–773 (2013).
60. Kira, A., Tanaka, M., Umeyama, T., Matano, Y., Yoshimoto, N., Zhang, Y., Ye, S., Lehtivuori, H., Tkachenko, N. V., Lemmetyinen, H. & Imahori, H. Hydrogen-bonding effects on film structure and photoelectrochemical properties of porphyrin and fullerene composites on nanostructured TiO2 electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 13618–13626 (2007).10.1021/jp0726079 ↗
61. KC, C. B., Ohkubo, K., Karr, P. A., Fukuzumi, S. & D'Souza, F. Two-point bound zinc porphyrin-zinc phthalocyanine-fullerene supramolecular triad for sequential energy and electron transfer. Chem. Commun. 49, 7614–7616 (2013).10.1039/c3cc43510e ↗
62. D'Souza, F., Amin, A. N., El-Khouly, M. E., Subbaiyan, N. K., Zandler, M. E. & Fukuzumi, S. Control over photoinduced energy and electron transfer in supramolecular polyads of covalently linked azabodipy-bisporphyrin 'molecular clip' hosting fullerene. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 654–664 (2012).10.1021/ja3057166 ↗
63. Nandwana, V., Serrano, L. A., Solntsev, K. M., Ebenhoch, B., Liu, Q., Tonga, G. Y., Samuel, I. D. W., Cooke, G. & Rotello, V. M. Engineering the nanoscale morphology of a quantum dot-fullerene assembly via complementary hydrogen bonding interactions. Langmuir. 29, 7534–7537 (2013).10.1021/la4007372 ↗
64. Sautter, A., Kaletas, B. K., Schmid, D. G., Dobrawa, R., Zimine, M., Jung, G., Van Stokkum, I. H. M., De Cola, L., Williams, R. M. & Würthner, F. Ultrafast energy-electron transfer cascade in a multichromophoric light-harvesting molecular square. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 6719–6729 (2005).10.1021/ja0448216 ↗
65. Kim, P., Lim, J. M., Yoon, M.-C., Aimi, J., Aida, T., Tsuda, A. & Kim, D. Excitation energy migration processes in self-assembled porphyrin boxes constructed by conjugated porphyrin dimers. J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 9157–9164 (2010).10.1021/jp103767m ↗
66. Kawa, M. & Frechet, J. M. J. Self-assembled lanthanide-cored dendrimer complexes: enhancement of the luminescence properties of lanthanide ions through site-isolation and antenna effects. Chem. Mater. 10, 286–296 (1998).10.1021/cm970441q ↗
67. Moore, E. G., Samuel, A. P. S. & Raymond, K. N. From antenna to assay: lessons learned in lanthanide luminescence. Acc. Chem. Res. 42, 542–552 (2009).10.1021/ar800211j ↗
68. Armelao, L., Quici, S., Barigelletti, F., Accorsi, G., Bottaro, G., Cavazzini, M. & Tondello, E. Design of luminescent lanthanide complexes: from molecules to highly efficient photoemitting materials. Coord. Chem. Rev. 254, 487–505 (2010).10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.025 ↗
69. Alpha, B., Ballardini, R., Balzani, V., Lehn, J. M., Perathoner, S. & Sabbatini, N. Antenna effect in luminescent lanthanide cryptates: a photophysical study. Photochem. Photobiol. 52, 299–306 (1990).10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb04185.x ↗
70. Balzani, V., Bergamini, G., Campagna, S. & Puntoriero, F. Photochemistry and photophysics of coordination compounds: overview and general concepts. Top. Curr. Chem. 280, 1–36 (2007).10.1007/128_2007_132 ↗
71. Zhang, J., Zhang, K., Liu, S., Liang, A., Huang, X., Huang, F., Peng, J. & Cao, Y. A supramolecular large band gap host for phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. RSC Adv. 3, 3829–3835 (2013).10.1039/c3ra40249e ↗
72. Liang, A.-H., Zhang, K., Zhang, J., Huang, F., Zhu, X.-H. & Cao, Y. Supramolecular phosphorescent polymer iridium complexes for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes. Chem. Mater. 25, 1013–1019 (2013).10.1021/cm400333c ↗
73. Liang, A.-h., Dong, S., Zhang, K., Xiao, X., Huang, F., Zhu, X.-H. & Cao, Y. Supramolecular sky-blue phosphorescent polymer iridium complexes for single-emissive-layer organic light-emitting diodes. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 34, 1301–1305 (2013).10.1002/marc.201300254 ↗
74. Juris, A., Balzani, V., Barigelletti, F., Campagna, S., Belser, P. & Von Zelewsky, A. Ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes: photophysics, photochemistry, electrochemistry, and chemiluminescence. Coord. Chem. Rev. 84, 85–277 (1988).10.1016/0010-8545(88)80032-8 ↗
75. Balzani, V., Juris, A., Venturi, M., Campagna, S. & Serroni, S. Luminescent and redox-active polynuclear transition metal complexes. Chem. Rev. 96, 759–833 (1996).10.1021/cr941154y ↗
76. De Cola, L. & Belser, P. Photoinduced energy- and electron transfer processes in rigidly bridged dinuclear Ru/Os complexes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 177, 301–346 (1998).10.1016/S0010-8545(98)00198-2 ↗
77. Balzani, V., Campagna, S., Denti, G., Juris, A., Serroni, S. & Venturi, M. Designing dendrimers based on transition-metal complexes. Light-harvesting properties and predetermined redox patterns. Acc. Chem. Res. 31, 26–34 (1998).10.1021/ar950202d ↗
78. Passalacqua, R., Loiseau, F., Campagna, S., Fang, Y.-Q. & Hanan, G. S. In search of ruthenium(II) complexes based on tridentate polypyridine ligands that feature long-lived room-temperature luminescence: the multichromophore approach. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42, 1608–1611 (2003).10.1002/anie.200250613 ↗
79. Leydet, Y., Bassani, D. M., Jonusauskas, G. & McClenaghan, N. D. Equilibration between three different excited states in a bichromophoric copper(I) polypyridine complex. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 8688–8689 (2007).10.1021/ja072335n ↗
80. Bura, T., Nastasi, F., Puntoriero, F., Campagna, S. & Ziessel, R. Ultrafast energy transfer in triptycene-grafted bodipy scaffoldings. Chem. - Eur. J. 19, 8900–8912 (2013).10.1002/chem.201300413 ↗
81. Puntoriero, F., Nastasi, F., Campagna, S., Bura, T. & Ziessel, R. Vectorial photoinduced energy transfer between boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) chromophores across a fluorene bridge. Chem. - Eur. J. 16, 8832–8845 (2010).10.1002/chem.201000466 ↗
82. Bonaccorsi, P., Aversa, M. C., Barattucci, A., Papalia, T., Puntoriero, F. & Campagna, S. Artificial light-harvesting antenna systems grafted on a carbohydrate platform. Chem. Commun. 48, 10550–10552 (2012).10.1039/c2cc35555h ↗
83. Cucinotta, F., Carniato, F., Devaux, A., De Cola, L. & Marchese, L. Efficient photoinduced energy transfer in a newly developed hybrid SBA-15 photonic antenna. Chem. Eur. J. 18, 15310–15315 (2012).10.1002/chem.201202505 ↗
84. Ruiz, A. Z., Li, H. & Calzaferri, G. Organizing supramolecular functional dye-zeolite crystals. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 5282–5287 (2006).10.1002/anie.200504286 ↗
85. Zhang, W., Jin, W., Fukushima, T., Saeki, A., Seki, S. & Aida, T. Supramolecular linear heterojunction composed of graphite-like semiconducting nanotubular segments. Science 334, 340–343 (2011).10.1126/science.1210369 ↗
86. Sforazzini, G., Orentas, E., Bolag, A., Sakai, N. & Matile, S. Toward oriented surface architectures with three coaxial charge-transporting pathways. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 12082–12090 (2013).10.1021/ja405776a ↗
87. Sakurai, S.-i., Areephong, J., Bertone, L., Lin, N.-T., Sakai, N. & Matile, S. Toward polymerized artificial photosystems with supramolecular n/p-heterojunctions and antiparallel redox gradients. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 2409–2416 (2011).10.1039/c0ee00648c ↗
88. Bhosale, R., Misek, J., Sakai, N. & Matile, S. Supramolecular n/p-heterojunction photosystems with oriented multicolored antiparallel redox gradients (OMARG-SHJs). Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 138–149 (2010).10.1039/B906115K ↗
89. Bhosale, R., Perez-Velasco, A., Ravikumar, V., Kishore, R. S. K., Kel, O., Gomez-Casado, A., Jonkheijm, P., Huskens, J., Maroni, P., Borkovec, M., Sawada, T., Vauthey, E., Sakai, N. & Matile, S. Topologically matching supramolecular n/p-heterojunction architectures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 6461–6464 (2009).10.1002/anie.200902551 ↗