Aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for specific cancer cell recognition and targeted cancer therapy
Source abstract
Abstract
Based on their unique advantages, increasing interest has been shown in the use of aptamers as target ligands for specific cancer cell recognition and targeted cancer therapy. Recently, the development of aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials has offered new therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment with better efficacy and lower toxicity. We highlight some of the promising classes of aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for the specific recognition of cancer cells and targeted cancer therapy. Recent developments in the use of novel strategies that enable sensitive and selective cancer cell recognition are introduced. In addition to targeted drug delivery for chemotherapy, we also review how aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials are being incorporated into emerging technologies with significant improvement in efficiency and selectivity in cancer treatment. New methods of integrating aptamers with various types of nanomaterials are summarized, highlighting promising classes of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for efficient cancer cell recognition and the targeted delivery of drugs. In addition, emerging technologies for cancer treatment using nanomaterials as therapeutic drugs are discussed. These aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials will benefit cancer treatment through increased specificity and efficacy as well as reduced toxicity. A major challenge in cancer therapy is the selective targeting of cancerous cells to enhance treatment efficiency and reduce the side effects for patients. A variety of nanostructured materials have recently been developed that, when combined with ligands, are able to recognize the target cells through antigens or receptors. Qiaoling Liu from Hunan University and colleagues in China and the United States review the use of DNA aptamers as ligands. These short, synthetic oligonucleotide strands are cost-effective, exhibit low toxicity and can be attached to a range of nanomaterials - from liposomes and hydrogels to inorganic nanoparticles - to endow them with sensitive and selective cell-recognition abilities. Furthermore, the resulting hybrid nanomaterials can be used in conjunction with conventional treatments, such as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Although hurdles in their toxicity and efficiency remain to be overcome before they are suitable for real-life cancer treatments, aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials have emerged as a promising theranostic platform.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques · RNA Interference and Gene Delivery · Biosensors and Analytical Detection
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (78)
Show source-provided references
1. Mukerjee, A., Ranjan, A. P. & Vishwanatha, J. K. Combinatorial nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Curr. Med. Chem. 19, 3714–3721 (2012).10.2174/092986712801661176 ↗
2. Barbas, A. S., Mi, J., Clary, B. M. & White, R. R. Aptamer applications for targeted cancer therapy. Future. Oncol. 6, 1117–1126 (2010).10.2217/fon.10.67 ↗
3. Bamrungsap, S., Zhao, Z., Chen, T., Wang, L., Li, C., Fu, T. & Tan, W. Nanotechnology in therapeutics: a focus on nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Nanomedicine 7, 1253–1271 (2012).10.2217/nnm.12.87 ↗
4. Tan, W., Wang, H., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zhu, H., Yang, C., Yang, R. & Liu, C. Molecular aptamers for drug delivery. Trends Biotechnol. 29, 634–640 (2011).10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.06.009 ↗
5. Gu, F. X., Karnik, R., Wang, A. Z., Alexis, F., Levy-Nissenbaum, E., Hong, S., Langer, R. S. & Farokhzad, O. C. Targeted nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Nanotoday 2, 14–21 (2007).10.1016/S1748-0132(07)70083-X ↗
6. Hu, M. & Zhang, K. The application of aptamers in cancer research: an up-to-date review. Future Oncol. 9, 369–376 (2013).10.2217/fon.12.201 ↗
7. Shangguan, D., Li, Y., Tang, Z., Cao, Z. C., Chen, H. W., Mallikaratchy, P., Sefah, K., Yang, C. J. & Tan, W. Aptamers evolved from live cells as effective molecular probes for cancer study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11838–11843 (2006).10.1073/pnas.0602615103 ↗
8. Sefah, K., Bae, K. M., Phillips, J. A., Siemann, D. W., Su, Z., McClellan, S., Vieweg, J. & Tan, W. Cell-based selection provides novel molecular probes for cancer stem cells. Int. J. Cancer 132, 2578–2588 (2013).10.1002/ijc.27936 ↗
9. Sefah, K., Tang, Z. W., Shangguan, D. H., Chen, H., Lopez-Colon, D., Li, Y., Parekh, P., Martin, J., Meng, L., Phillips, J. A., Kim, Y. M. & Tan, W. Molecular recognition of acute myeloid leukemia using aptamers. Leukemia 23, 235–244 (2009).10.1038/leu.2008.335 ↗
10. Fang, X. & Tan, W. Aptamers generated from cell-SELEX for molecular medicine: a chemical biology approach. Acc. Chem. Res. 43, 48–57 (2010).10.1021/ar900101s ↗
11. Ni, X., Castanares, M., Mukherjee, A. & Lupold, S. E. Nucleic acid aptamers: clinical applications and promising new horizons. Curr. Med. Chem. 18, 4206–4214 (2011).10.2174/092986711797189600 ↗
12. Chang, Y. M., Donovan, M. J. & Tan, W. Using aptamers for cancer biomarker discovery. J. Nucleic Acids 2013, 817350 (2013).10.1155/2013/817350 ↗
13. Zhang, Y., Hong, H. & Cai, W. Tumor-targeted drug delivery with aptamers. Curr. Med. Chem. 18, 4185–4194 (2011).10.2174/092986711797189547 ↗
14. Li, X., Zhao, Q. & Qiu, L. Smart ligand: aptamer-mediated targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and siRNA for cancer therapy. J. Control Release 171, 152–162 (2013).10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.006 ↗
15. Wang, H., Yang, R., Yang, H. L. & Tan, W. H. Nucleic acid conjugated nanomaterials for enhanced molecular recognition. ACS Nano 3, 2451–2460 (2009).10.1021/nn9006303 ↗
16. Stadler, N., Chi, C., Lelie, D. V. D. & Gang, O. DNA-incorporating nanomaterials in biotechnological applications. Nanomedicine 5, 319–334 (2010).10.2217/nnm.10.2 ↗
17. Lee, J. H., Yigit, M. V., Mazumdar, D. & Lu, Y. Molecular diagnostic and drug delivery agents based on aptamer-nanomaterial conjugates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 62, 592–605 (2010).10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.003 ↗
18. Chen, T., Shukoor, M. I., Chen, Y., Yuan, Q., Zhu, Z., Zhao, Z., Gulbakan, B. & Tan, W. Aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials for bioanalysis and biotechnology applications. Nanoscale 3, 546–556 (2011).10.1039/C0NR00646G ↗
19. Zhu, G., Zhang, S., Song, E., Zheng, J., Hu, R., Fang, X. & Tan, W. Building fluorescent DNA nanodevices on target living cell surfaces. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52, 5490–5496 (2013).10.1002/anie.201301439 ↗
20. Ding, C., Ge, Y. & Zhang, S. Electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence determination of cancer cells based on aptamers and magnetic beads. Chem. Eur. J. 16, 10707–10714 (2010).10.1002/chem.201001173 ↗
21. Wu, M., Yuan, D., Xu, J. & Chen, H. Sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor based on Au-ITO hybrid bipolar electrode amplification system for cell surface protein detection. Anal. Chem. 85, 11960–11965 (2013).10.1021/ac402889z ↗
22. Yan, M., Sun, G., Liu, F., Lu, J., Yu, J. & Song, X. An aptasensor for sensitive detection of human breast cancer cells by using porous GO/Au composites and porous PtFe alloy as effective sensing platform and signal amplification labels. Anal. Chim. Acta. 798, 33–39 (2013).10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.046 ↗
23. Liu, H., Xu, S., He, Z., Deng, A. & Zhu, J. Supersandwich cytosensor for selective and ultrasensitive detection of cancer cells using aptamer-DNA concatamer-quantum dots probes. Anal. Chem. 85, 3385–3392 (2013).10.1021/ac303789x ↗
24. Jie, G., Wang, L., Yuan, J. & Zhang, S. Versatile electrochemiluminescence assays for cancer cells based on dendrimer/CdSe-ZnS-quantum dot nanoclusters. Anal. Chem. 83, 3873–3880 (2011).10.1021/ac200383z ↗
25. Zhao, J., Zhang, L., Chen, C., Jiang, J. & Yu, R. A novel sensing platform using aptamer and RNA polymerase-based amplification for detection of cancer cells. Anal. Chim. Acta 745, 106–111 (2012).10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.030 ↗
26. Bamrungsap, S., Chen, T., Shukoor, M. I., Chen, Z., Sefah, K., Chen, Y. & Tan, W. Pattern recognition of cancer cells using aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. ACS Nano 6, 3974–3981 (2012).10.1021/nn3002328 ↗
27. Xiong, X., Liu, H., Zhao, Z., Altman, M. B., Lopez-Colon, D., Yang, C. J., Chang, L. J., Liu, C. & Tan, W. DNA aptamer-mediated cell targeting. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52, 1472–1476 (2013).10.1002/anie.201207063 ↗
28. Ocsoy, I., Gulbakan, B., Shukoor, M. I., Xiong, X., Chen, T., Powell, D. H. & Tan, W. Aptamer-conjugated multifunctional nanoflowers as a platform for targeting, capture, and detection in laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. ACS Nano 7, 417–427 (2013).10.1021/nn304458m ↗
29. Kang, H., O'Donoghue, M. B., Liu, H. & Tan, W. A liposome-based nanostructure for aptamer directed delivery. Chem. Commun. 46, 249–251 (2010).10.1039/B916911C ↗
30. Mann, A. P., Bhavane, R. C., Somasunderam, A., Liz Montalvo-Ortiz, B., Ghaghada, K. B., Volk, D., Nieves-Alicea, R., Suh, K. S., Ferrari, M., Annapragada, A., Gorenstein, D. G. & Tanaka, T. Thioaptamer conjugated liposomes for tumor vasculature targeting. Oncotarget 2, 298–304 (2011).10.18632/oncotarget.261 ↗
31. Zhao, Y., Duan, S., Zeng, X., Liu, C., Davies, N. M., Li, B. & Forrest, M. L. Prodrug strategy for PSMA-targeted delivery of TGX-221 to prostate cancer cells. Mol. Pharm. 9, 1705–1716 (2012).10.1021/mp3000309 ↗
32. Xu, W., Siddiqui, I. A., Nihal, M., Pilla, S., Rosenthal, K., Mukhtar, H. & Gong, S. Aptamer-conjugated and doxorubicin-loaded unimolecular micelles for targeted therapy of prostate cancer. Biomaterials 34, 5244–5253 (2013).10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.006 ↗
33. Alemdaroglu, F. E., Alemdaroglu, N. C., Langguth, P. & Herrmann, A. DNA block copolymer micelles-a combinatorial tool for cancer nanotechnology. Adv. Mater. 20, 899–902 (2008).10.1002/adma.200700866 ↗
34. Liu, H., Zhu, Z., Kang, H., Wu, Y., Sefah, K. & Tan, W. DNA-based micelles: synthesis, micellar properties and size-dependent cell permeability. Chem. Eur. J. 16, 3791–3797 (2010).10.1002/chem.200901546 ↗
35. Wu, Y., Sefah, K., Liu, H., Wang, R. & Tan, W. DNA aptamer-micelle as an efficient detection/delivery vehicle toward cancer cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 5–10 (2010).10.1073/pnas.0909611107 ↗
36. Yang, H., Liu, H., Kang, H. & Tan, W. Engineering target-responsive hydrogels based on aptamer-target interactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 6320–6321 (2008).10.1021/ja801339w ↗
37. Yang, L., Meng, L., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhu, G., Liu, H., Xiong, X., Sefah, K. & Tan, W. Engineering polymeric aptamers for selective cytotoxicity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 13380–13386 (2011).10.1021/ja201285y ↗
38. Farokhzad, O. C., Cheng, J., Teply, B. A., Sherifi, I., Jon, S., Kantoff, P. W., Richie, J. P. & Langer, R. Targeted nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6315–6320 (2006).10.1073/pnas.0601755103 ↗
39. Dhar, S., Gu, F. X., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C. & Lippard, S. J. Targeted delivery of cisplatin to prostate cancer cells by aptamer functionalized Pt(IV) prodrug-PLGA-PEG nanoparticles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17356–17361 (2008).10.1073/pnas.0809154105 ↗
40. Dhar, S., Kolishetti, N., Lippard, S. J. & Farokhzad, O. C. Targeted delivery of a cisplatin prodrug for safer and more effective prostate cancer therapy in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 1850–1855 (2011).10.1073/pnas.1011379108 ↗
41. Guo, J., Gao, X., Su, L., Xia, H., Gu, G., Pang, Z., Jiang, X., Yao, L., Chen, J. & Chen, H. Aptamer-functionalized PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced anti-glioma drug delivery. Biomaterials 32, 8010–8020 (2011).10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.004 ↗
42. Gao, H., Qian, J., Yang, Z., Pang, Z., Xi, Z., Cao, S., Wang, Y., Pan, S., Zhang, S., Wang, W., Jiang, X. & Zhang, Q. Whole-cell SELEX aptamer-functionalised poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanoparticles for enhanced targeted glioblastoma therapy. Biomaterials 33, 6264–6272 (2012).10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.020 ↗
43. Zhu, G., Zheng, J., Song, E., Donovan, M., Zhang, K., Liu, C. & Tan, W. Self-assembled, aptamer-tethered DNA nanotrains for targeted transport of molecular drugs in cancer theranostics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 7998–8003 (2013).10.1073/pnas.1220817110 ↗
44. Liu, Z., Robinson, J. T., Tabakman, S. M., Yang, K. & Dai, H. Carbon materials for drug delivery & cancer therapy. Mater. Today 14, 316–323 (2011).10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70161-4 ↗
45. Yang, L., Zhang, X., Ye, M., Jiang, J., Yang, R., Fu, T., Chen, Y., Wang, K., Liu, C. & Tan, T. Aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials and their applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63, 1361–1370 (2011).10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.002 ↗
46. Dobson, J. Magnetic mico- and nano-particle-based targeting for drug and gene delivery. Nanomedicine 1, 31–37 (2006).10.2217/17435889.1.1.31 ↗
47. Wang, A. Z., Bagalkot, V., Vasilliou, C. C., Gu, F., Alexis, F., Zhang, L., Shaikh, M., Yuet, K., Cima, M. J., Langer, R., Kantoff, P. W., Bander, N. H., Jon, S. & Farokhzad, O. C. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for combined prostate cancer imaging and therapy. Chem. Med. Chem. 3, 1311–1315 (2008).10.1002/cmdc.200800091 ↗
48. Yu, M. K., Kim, D., Lee, I., So, J., Jeong, Y. Y. & Jon, S. Image-guided prostate cancer therapy using aptamer-functionalized thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Small 7, 2241–2249 (2011).10.1002/smll.201100472 ↗
49. Chen, T., Shukoor, M. I., Wang, R., Zhao, Z., Yuan, Q., Bamrungsap, S., Xiong, X. & Tan, W. Smart multifunctional nanostructure for targeted cancer chemotherapy and magnetic resonance imaging. ACS Nano 5, 7866–7873 (2011).10.1021/nn202073m ↗
50. Zheng, J., Zhu, G., Li, Y., Li, C., You, M., Chen, T., Song, E., Yang, R. & Tan, W. A spherical nucleic Acid platform based on self-assembled DNA biopolymer for high-performance cancer therapy. ACS Nano 7, 6545–6554 (2013).10.1021/nn402344v ↗
51. Wijaya, A., Schaffer, S. B., Pallares, I. G. & Hamad-Schifferli, K. Selective release of multiple DNA oligonucleotides from gold nanorods. ACS Nano 3, 80–86 (2008).10.1021/nn800702n ↗
52. Yang, X. J., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Pu, F., Ren, J. S. & Qu, X. G. Near-infrared light-triggered, targeted drug delivery to cancer cells by aptamer gated nanovehicles. Adv. Mater. 24, 2890–2895 (2012).10.1002/adma.201104797 ↗
53. Chen, C. C., Lin, Y. P., Wang, C. W., Tzeng, H. C., Wu, C. H., Chen, Y. C., Chen, C. P., Chen, L. C. & Wu, Y. C. DNA-gold nanorod conjugates for remote control of localized gene expression by near infrared irradiation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 3709–3715 (2006).10.1021/ja0570180 ↗
54. You, J., Zhang, G. & Li, C. Exceptionally high payload of doxorubicin in hollow gold nanospheres for near-infrared light-triggered drug release. ACS Nano 4, 1033–1041 (2010).10.1021/nn901181c ↗
55. Kang, H., Trondoli, A. C., Zhu, G., Chen, Y., Chang, Y., Liu, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, X. & Tan, W. Near-infrared light-responsive core-shell nanogels for targeted drug delivery. ACS Nano 5, 5094–5099 (2011).10.1021/nn201171r ↗
56. Hilliard, L. R., Zhao, X. J. & Tan, W. H. Immobilization of oligonucleotides onto silica nanoparticles for DNA hybridization studies. Anal. Chim. Acta 470, 51–56 (2002).10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00538-X ↗
57. Zhu, C. L., Song, X. Y., Zhou, W. H., Yang, H. H., Wen, Y. H. & Wang, X. R. An efficient cell-targeting and intracellular controlled-release drug delivery system based on MSN-PEM-aptamer conjugates. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 7765–7770 (2009).10.1039/b907978e ↗
58. Li, L. L., Yin, Q., Cheng, J. & Lu, Y. Polyvalent mesoporous silica nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates target breast cancer cells. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 1, 567–572 (2012).10.1002/adhm.201200116 ↗
59. Park, H., Yang, J., Lee, J., Haam, S., Choi, I. H. & Yoo, K. H. Multifunctional nanoparticles for combined doxorubicin and photothermal treatments. ACS Nano 3, 2919–2926 (2009).10.1021/nn900215k ↗
60. Park, J. H., von Maltzahn, G., Xu, M. J., Fogal, V., Kotamraju, V. R., Ruoslahti, E., Bhatia, S. N. & Sailor, M. J Cooperative nanomaterial system to sensitize, target, and treat tumors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 981–986 (2010).10.1073/pnas.0909565107 ↗
61. Bugaj, A. M. Targeted photodynamic therapy-a promising strategy of tumor treatment. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 10, 1097–1109 (2011).10.1039/c0pp00147c ↗
62. Ferreira, C. S. M., Cheung, M. C., Missailidis, S., Bisland, S. & Gariépy, J. Phototoxic aptamers selectively enter and kill epithelial cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 866–876 (2009).10.1093/nar/gkn967 ↗
63. Mallikaratchy, P., Tang, Z. & Tan, W. Cell specific aptamer-photosensitizer conjugates as a molecular tool in photodynamic therapy. Chem. Med. Chem. 3, 425–428 (2008).10.1002/cmdc.200700260 ↗
64. Wang, K., You, M., Chen, Y., Han, D., Zhu, Z., Huang, J., Williams, K., Yang, C. J. & Tan, W. Self-assembly of a bifunctional DNA carrier for drug delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50, 6098–6101 (2011).10.1002/anie.201008053 ↗
65. Shieh, Y., Yang, S., Wei, M. & Shieh, M. Aptamer-based tumor-targeted drug delivery for photodynamic therapy. ACS Nano 4, 1433–1442 (2010).10.1021/nn901374b ↗
66. Han, D., Zhu, G., Wu, C., Zhu, Z., Chen, T., Zhang, X. & Tan, W. Engineering a cell-surface aptamer circuit for targeted and amplified photodynamic cancer therapy. ACS Nano 7, 2312–2319 (2013).10.1021/nn305484p ↗
67. Zhu, Z., Tang, Z., Phillips, J. A., Yang, R., Wang, H. & Tan, W. Regulation of singlet oxygen generation using single-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10856–10857 (2008).10.1021/ja802913f ↗
68. Liu, Q., Xu, L., Zhang, X., Li, N., Zheng, J., Guan, M., Fang, X., Wang, C. & Shu, C. Enhanced photodynamic efficiency of an aptamer-guided fullerene photosensitizer toward tumor cells. Chem. Asian J. 8, 2370–2376 (2013).10.1002/asia.201300039 ↗
69. Fisher, J. W., Sarkar, S., Buchanan, C. F., Szot, C. S., Whitney, J., Hatcher, H. C., Torti, S. V., Rylander, C. G. & Rylander, M. N. Photothermal response of human and murine cancer cells to multiwalled carbon nanotubes after laser irradiation. Cancer Res. 70, 9855–9864 (2010).10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0250 ↗
70. Yang, H. W., Lu, Y. J., Lin, K. J., Hsu, S. C., Huang, C. Y., She, S. H., Liu, H. L., Lin, C. W., Xiao, M. C., Wey, S. P., Chen, P. Y., Yen, T. C., Wei, K. C. & Ma, C. C. EGRF conjugated PEGylated nanographene oxide for targeted chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. Biomaterials 34, 7204–7214 (2013).10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.007 ↗
71. Xiao, Q., Zheng, X., Bu, W., Ge, W., Zhang, S., Chen, F., Xing, H., Ren, Q., Fan, W., Zhao, K., Hua, Y. & Shi, J. A core/satellite multifunctional nanotheranostic for in vivo imaging and tumor eradication by radiation/photothermal synergistic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 13041–13048 (2013).10.1021/ja404985w ↗
72. Huang, Y. F., Sefah, K., Bamrungsap, S., Chang, H. T. & Tan, W. Selective photothermal therapy for mixed cancer cells using aptamer-conjugated nanorods. Langmuir 24, 11860–11865 (2008).10.1021/la801969c ↗
73. Wang, J., Sefah, K., Altman, M. B., Chen, T., You, M., Zhao, Z., Huang, C. Z. & Tan, W. Aptamer-conjugated nanorods for targeted photothermal therapy of prostate cancer stem cells. Chem. Asian J. 8, 2417–2422 (2013).10.1002/asia.201300375 ↗
74. Wu, P., Gao, Y., Zhang, H. & Cai, C. Aptamer-guided silver-gold bimetallic nanostructures with highly active surface-enhanced Raman scattering for specific detection and near-infrared photothermal therapy of human breast cancer cells. Anal. Chem. 84, 7692–7699 (2012).10.1021/ac3015164 ↗
75. Wang, J., You, M., Zhu, G., Shukoor, M. I., Chen, Z., Zhao, Z., Altman, M. B., Yuan, Q., Zhu, Z., Chen, Y., Huang, C. Z. & Tan, W. Photosensitizer-gold nanorod composite for targeted multimodaltherapy. Small 9, 3678–3684 (2013).10.1002/smll.201202155 ↗
76. Wang, J., Zhu, G., You, M., Song, E., Shukoor, M. I., Zhang, K., Altman, M. B., Chen, Y., Zhu, Z., Huang, C. Z. & Tan, W. Assembly of aptamer switch probes and photosensitizer on gold nanorods for targeted photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapy. ACS Nano 6, 5070–5077 (2012).10.1021/nn300694v ↗
77. Beqa, L., Fan, Z., Singh, A. K., Senapati, D. & Ray, P. C. Gold nano-popcorn attached SWCNT hybrid nanomaterial for targeted diagnosis and photothermal therapy of human breast cancer cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 3316–3324 (2011).10.1021/am2004366 ↗
78. Khan, S. A., Kanchanapally, R., Fan, Z., Beqa, L., Singh, A. K., Senapati, D. & Ray, P. C. A gold nanocage-CNT hybrid for targeted imaging and photothermal destruction of cancer cells. Chem. Commun. 48, 6711–6713 (2012).10.1039/c2cc32313c ↗