Microscopic role of carbon on MgB2 wire for critical current density comparable to NbTi

Increasing dissipation-free supercurrent has been the primary issue for practical application of superconducting wires. For magnesium diboride, MgB2, carbon is known to be the most effective dopant to enhance high-field properties. However, the critical role of carbon remains elusive, and also low-field critical current density has not been improved. Here, we have undertaken malic acid doping of MgB2 and find that the microscopic origin for the enhancement of high-field properties is due to boron vacancies and associated stacking faults, as observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The carbon from the malic acid almost uniformly encapsulates boron, preventing boron agglomeration and reducing porosity, as observed by three-dimensional X-ray tomography. The critical current density either exceeds or matches that of niobium titanium at 4.2 K. Our findings provide atomic-level insights, which could pave the way to further enhancement of the critical current density of MgB2 up to the theoretical limit. Hiroaki Kumakura, Shi Xue Dou and co-workers have uncovered the role of carbon doping at the microscopic scale on magnesium diboride (MgB2). This inexpensive superconductor — a material with no electrical resistance below a certain temperature — is also sensitive to magnetic fields. The researchers show that incorporating an organic molecule into MgB2 (‘carbon doping’) improves its critical current density under low magnetic field — an effect previously known only for high fields. Detailed characterizations revealed that the number of voids within the material increased, yet their size decreased, so that MgB2 was denser after doping. The team suggests that a boron deficiency causes microscopic defects within the superconductor's structure, improving its properties, while a particular arrangement of the doping molecules can explain the increased density. These findings may lead to further enhancement of the properties of MgB2, which has recently attracted interest in various fields. In medical magnetic resonance imaging, for example, MgB2-based magnets are promising alternatives to the current NbTi-based technology that relies on expensive cooling with liquid helium. Where does carbon go when it is doped into magnesium diboride (MgB2) and why the superconducting properties are improved? In this work, malic acid-doped MgB2 was investigated and it was shown that carbon encapsulates boron powder, prevents agglomeration and as a result reduces void fraction as was confirmed by the first detailed X-ray tomogram analysis. It was also found that carbon induces a lot of stacking faults within MgB2 grains. The critical current density is now comparable to commercial niobium titanium (NbTi) wire and further improvements are expected.