EM sensor array for non-destructive evaluation of spatially varying steel phase transformation
Source abstract
Abstract
An electromagnetic (EM) sensor array system, consisting of four sensor heads, has been used to non-destructively characterise spatial variations in steel strips, with differences in phase transformation rates due to differences in local cooling rates being reported in this work. An S355-grade steel strip was subjected to different local cooling conditions (air cooling and water cooling, with half the strip being insulated) on a lab-based run-out table (ROT). The sensor array was able to monitor the different phase transformation behaviour across the width of the steel strip due to the non-uniform cooling. Thermocouples were used to determine the local cooling rates, and these were used with continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams to predict the local phase transformation behaviour. It is known that the zero-crossing frequency (ZCF) from EM sensors can be related to the phase transformation; therefore, the ZCF values from the separate EM sensor heads have been compared to the predicted phase transformation behaviour. Microstructural validation for the predicted phase transformation products (fractions of ferrite, pearlite, bainite and/or martensite) was performed using optical microscopy. The spatial resolution performance of the EM sensor array has been compared to that of the commercial EMspec™ system for the case of varying phase transformation across a strip sample. This work demonstrates the potential for EM sensors to be used in arrays without interference between signals, allowing the characterisation of spatially varying behaviour in steel during cooling.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Non-Destructive Testing Techniques · Magnetic Properties and Applications · Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
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