Characterization of Nanomaterials Using In Situ Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Review

In the realm of nanocharacterization, a myriad of techniques have been engineered to facilitate in situ visualization of liquid samples through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This advancement has opened avenues for real-time and dynamic inspection of both liquid samples and nanomaterials in solution. This Review introduces the methodologies employed in liquid-phase TEM characterization. It then delves into the architecture, fabrication, and applications of the liquid cells utilized in TEM, underscoring their significant role in nanomaterial characterization. It also highlights the impact of image resolution and electron beam damage on the development of liquid-cell TEM. Next, the fabrication processes of silicon nitride and graphene, which serve as window materials in liquid cells, are examined. This examination hints at the potential development of novel window materials, such as MoS 2 . Finally, future opportunities and challenges for liquid-cell TEM development are discussed. This Review provides a comprehensive exploration of liquid cells in the context of TEM characterization.