Copper Phosphate Nanostructures as Catalysts for the Direct Methane Oxidation

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The development of heterogeneous catalysts for the selective direct transformation of methane (CH 4 ) remains a challenge because of the difficulty in activating the strong C–H bond and controlling selectivity to target products. The effect of various metal phosphate catalysts (37 examples) on the direct oxidation of CH 4 to formaldehyde (HCHO) with molecular oxygen (O 2 ) as the sole oxidant was studied using a fixed-bed flow reactor, and the effectiveness of the copper phosphate catalysts was confirmed. Four crystalline copper phosphates (Cu 2 P 2 O 7, Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2, Cu 2 (P 4 O 12 ), and Cu 4 O(PO 4 ) 2 ) with different Cu coordination geometries and Cu/P ratios were synthesized from Cu(OAc) 2 ·H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4, and the dependence of CH 4 oxidation on their structures, as well as that on the structure of CuO, was investigated. The Cu/P molar ratio strongly affected the oxidation catalysis; CH 4 conversion increased with increasing Cu/P molar ratio, although the selectivity to HCHO decreased. Among the investigated Cu-based catalysts and metal phosphate nanoparticles (FePO 4 and BiPO 4 ), monoclinic Cu 2 P 2 O 7, which has a Cu/P ratio of 1/1, exhibited the highest HCHO yield. The catalytic activity of Cu 2 P 2 O 7 was improved by changing the copper source to Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ·3H 2 O due to the surface nanostructure control. On the basis of mechanistic studies that include catalyst effect, kinetics, isotope-labeling, and pulse reaction experiments, as well as infrared spectroscopic analyses of adsorbed probe molecules, (i) surface lattice oxygen species of Cu 2 P 2 O 7 possibly react with CH 4 to give HCHO as the primary product and (ii) the surface redox-active Lewis acidic Cu 2+ sites and weakly basic phosphate units on Cu 2 P 2 O 7 play important roles in the C–H activation and the suppression of overoxidation to CO 2, respectively. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the vacancy formation energies at oxygen sites in β-Cu 2 P 2 O 7, which was formed by the phase transition of α-Cu 2 P 2 O 7 under the catalytic conditions, were lower than those in α-Cu 2 P 2 O 7 . Such a superior oxygen-transfer ability likely contributes to the high catalytic performance and durability of Cu 2 P 2 O 7 for the oxidation of CH 4 to HCHO.