journal article·2024-03

Conversion of chirality to twisting via sequential one-dimensional and two-dimensional growth of graphene spirals

Zhu-Jun Wang, Xiao Kong, Yuan Huang, Jun Li, Lihong Bao, Kecheng Cao, Yuxiong Hu, Jun Cai, Lifen Wang, Hui Chen, Yueshen Wu, Yiwen Zhang, Fei Pang, Zhihai Cheng, Petr Babor, Miroslav Kolibal, Zhongkai Liu, Yulin Chen, Qiang Zhang, Yi Cui, Kaihui Liu, Haitao Yang, Xinhe Bao, Hong-Jun Gao, Zhi Liu, Wei Ji, Feng Ding, Marc-Georg Willinger

Nature Materials· Volume 23· Issue 3
Publisher page

Abstract

The properties of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials can be tuned through nanostructuring or controlled layer stacking, where interlayer hybridization induces exotic electronic states and transport phenomena. Here we describe a viable approach and underlying mechanism for the assisted self-assembly of twisted layer graphene. The process, which can be implemented in standard chemical vapour deposition growth, is best described by analogy to origami and kirigami with paper. It involves the controlled induction of wrinkle formation in single-layer graphene with subsequent wrinkle folding, tearing and re-growth. Inherent to the process is the formation of intertwined graphene spirals and conversion of the chiral angle of 1D wrinkles into a 2D twist angle of a 3D superlattice. The approach can be extended to other foldable 2D materials and facilitates the production of miniaturized electronic components, including capacitors, resistors, inductors and superconductors.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Advanced Materials and Mechanics · Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (45)

Show source-provided references
1. Xu, X. et al. Ultrafast epitaxial growth of metre-sized single-crystal graphene on industrial Cu foil. Sci. Bull. 62, 1074–1080 (2017).10.1016/j.scib.2017.07.005 ↗
2. Wang, L. et al. Epitaxial growth of a 100-square-centimetre single-crystal hexagonal boron nitride monolayer on copper. Nature 570, 91–95 (2019).10.1038/s41586-019-1226-z ↗
3. Trambly de Laissardière, G., Mayou, D. & Magaud, L. Localization of Dirac electrons in rotated graphene bilayers. Nano Lett. 10, 804–808 (2010).10.1021/nl902948m ↗
4. Suárez Morell, E., Correa, J. D., Vargas, P., Pacheco, M. & Barticevic, Z. Flat bands in slightly twisted bilayer graphene: tight-binding calculations. Phys. Rev. B 82, 121407 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevB.82.121407 ↗
5. Kim, K. et al. Tunable moiré bands and strong correlations in small-twist-angle bilayer graphene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 3364–3369 (2017).10.1073/pnas.1620140114 ↗
6. Cao, Y. et al. Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 556, 43–50 (2018).10.1038/nature26160 ↗
7. Hennig, G. R. Screw dislocations in graphite. Science 147, 733–734 (1965).10.1126/science.147.3659.733 ↗
8. Xu, F., Yu, H., Sadrzadeh, A. & Yakobson, B. I. Riemann surfaces of carbon as graphene nanosolenoids. Nano Lett. 16, 34–39 (2016).10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02430 ↗
9. Patel, A. R. & Bahl, O. P. Evidence of screw dislocations in graphite. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 16, 169–171 (1965).10.1088/0508-3443/16/2/308 ↗
10. Sun, Y. Q., Alemany, L. B., Billups, W. E., Lu, J. X. & Yakobson, B. I. Structural dislocations in anthracite. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2521–2524 (2011).10.1021/jz2011429 ↗
11. Allen, M. J. et al. Chemically induced folding of single and bilayer graphene. Chem. Commun. 6285–6287 (2009).10.1039/b911972h ↗
12. Mu, J. K. et al. Origami-inspired active graphene-based paper for programmable instant self-folding walking devices. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500533 (2015).10.1126/sciadv.1500533 ↗
13. Ebbesen, T. W. & Hiura, H. Graphene in 3-dimensions: towards graphite origami. Adv. Mater. 7, 582–586 (1995).10.1002/adma.19950070618 ↗
14. Blees, M. K. et al. Graphene kirigami. Nature 524, 204–207 (2015).10.1038/nature14588 ↗
15. Miskin, M. Z. et al. Graphene-based bimorphs for micron-sized, autonomous origami machines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 466–470 (2018).10.1073/pnas.1712889115 ↗
16. Wang, Z.-J. et al. Direct observation of graphene growth and associated copper substrate dynamics by in situ scanning electron microscopy. ACS Nano 9, 1506–1519 (2015).10.1021/nn5059826 ↗
17. Hillert, M. On the theory of normal and abnormal grain growth. Acta Metall. 13, 227–238 (1965).10.1016/0001-6160(65)90200-2 ↗
18. Wu, M. et al. Seeded growth of large single-crystal copper foils with high-index facets. Nature 581, 406–410 (2020).10.1038/s41586-020-2298-5 ↗
19. Jin, S. et al. Colossal grain growth yields single-crystal metal foils by contact-free annealing. Science 362, 1021–1025 (2018).10.1126/science.aao3373 ↗
20. Sutter, P. W., Flege, J.-I. & Sutter, E. A. Epitaxial graphene on ruthenium. Nat. Mater. 7, 406–411 (2008).10.1038/nmat2166 ↗
21. Zhu, W. et al. Structure and electronic transport in graphene wrinkles. Nano Lett. 12, 3431–3436 (2012).10.1021/nl300563h ↗
22. Wang, Z.-J. et al. Stacking sequence and interlayer coupling in few-layer graphene revealed by in situ imaging. Nat. Commun. 7, 13256 (2016).
23. Yang, R. et al. An anisotropic etching effect in the graphene basal plane. Adv. Mater. 22, 4014–4019 (2010).10.1002/adma.201000618 ↗
24. Chen, H. et al. Atomically precise, custom-design origami graphene nanostructures. Science 365, 1036–1040 (2019).10.1126/science.aax7864 ↗
25. Zhao, Y. et al. Supertwisted spirals of layered materials enabled by growth on non-Euclidean surfaces. Science 370, 442–445 (2020).10.1126/science.abc4284 ↗
26. Zhang, K. & Arroyo, M. Understanding and strain-engineering wrinkle networks in supported graphene through simulations. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 72, 61–74 (2014).10.1016/j.jmps.2014.07.012 ↗
27. Pereira, V. M., Castro Neto, A. H., Liang, H. Y. & Mahadevan, L. Geometry, mechanics, and electronics of singular structures and wrinkles in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 156603 (2010).10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.156603 ↗
28. Tay, R. Y. et al. Concentric and spiral few-layer graphene: growth driven by interfacial nucleation vs screw dislocation. Chem. Mater. 30, 6858–6866 (2018).10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03024 ↗
29. Rakovan, J. & Jaszczak, J. A. Multiple length scale growth spirals on metamorphic graphite {001} surfaces studied by atomic force microscopy. Am. Mineral. 87, 17–24 (2002).10.2138/am-2002-0103 ↗
30. Frank, F. C. & Read, W. T. Multiplication processes for slow moving dislocations. Phys. Rev. 79, 722–723 (1950).10.1103/PhysRev.79.722 ↗
31. Wang, Z. J. et al. The coalescence behavior of two-dimensional materials revealed by multiscale in situ imaging during chemical vapor deposition growth. ACS Nano 14, 1902–1918 (2020).10.1021/acsnano.9b08221 ↗
32. Nabarro, F. R. N. The force between two screw dislocations. Philos. Mag. A 54, 577–582 (1986).10.1080/01418618608243614 ↗
33. Karamat, S. et al. Coalescence of few layer graphene grains grown by chemical vapor deposition and their stacking sequence. J. Mater. Res. 31, 46–54 (2016).10.1557/jmr.2015.350 ↗
34. Sun, J. et al. Growth mechanism of graphene on platinum: surface catalysis and carbon segregation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 152107 (2014).10.1063/1.4871978 ↗
35. Liu, Y. et al. Helical van der Waals crystals with discretized Eshelby twist. Nature 570, 358–362 (2019).10.1038/s41586-019-1308-y ↗
36. Sutter, P., Wimer, S. & Sutter, E. Chiral twisted van der Waals nanowires. Nature 570, 354–357 (2019).10.1038/s41586-019-1147-x ↗
37. Guo, W. et al. Governing rule for dynamic formation of grain boundaries in grown graphene. ACS Nano 9, 5792–5798 (2015).10.1021/acsnano.5b01827 ↗
38. Niyogi, S. et al. Covalent chemistry for graphene electronics. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 2487–2498 (2011).10.1021/jz200426d ↗
39. Schweizer, P. et al. Mechanical cleaning of graphene using in situ electron microscopy. Nat. Commun. 11, 1743 (2020).10.1038/s41467-020-15255-3 ↗
40. Rogge, P. C. et al. Real-time observation of epitaxial graphene domain reorientation. Nat. Commun. 6, 6880 (2015).10.1038/ncomms7880 ↗
41. Tyurnina, A. V., Okuno, H., Pochet, P. & Dijon, J. CVD graphene recrystallization as a new route to tune graphene structure and properties. Carbon 102, 499–505 (2016).10.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.097 ↗
42. Wang, Z. J. et al. Formation mechanism, growth kinetics, and stability limits of graphene adlayers in metal‐catalyzed CVD growth. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1800255 (2018).10.1002/admi.201800255 ↗
43. Zhu, Y. et al. Unravelling surface and interfacial structures of a metal–organic framework by transmission electron microscopy. Nat. Mater. 16, 532–536 (2017).10.1038/nmat4852 ↗
44. Pirart, J. et al. Reversed size-dependent stabilization of ordered nanophases. Nat. Commun. 10, 1982 (2019).10.1038/s41467-019-09841-3 ↗
45. Duerrschnabel, M. et al. Atomic structure and domain wall pinning in samarium-cobalt-based permanent magnets. Nat. Commun. 8, 54 (2017).10.1038/s41467-017-00059-9 ↗