Observation of the spin Nernst effect
Source abstract
Abstract
The observation of the spin Hall effect triggered intense research on pure spin current transport. With the spin Hall effect, the spin Seebeck effect and the spin Peltier effect already observed, our picture of pure spin current transport is almost complete. The only missing piece is the spin Nernst (-Ettingshausen) effect, which so far has been discussed only on theoretical grounds. Here, we report the observation of the spin Nernst effect. By applying a longitudinal temperature gradient, we generate a pure transverse spin current in a Pt thin film. For readout, we exploit the magnetization-orientation-dependent spin transfer to an adjacent yttrium iron garnet layer, converting the spin Nernst current in Pt into a controlled change of the longitudinal and transverse thermopower voltage. Our experiments show that the spin Nernst and the spin Hall effect in Pt are of comparable magnitude, but differ in sign, as corroborated by first-principles calculations.
Source: europepmc · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Magnetic properties of thin films · Quantum and electron transport phenomena · Physics of Superconductivity and Magnetism
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (30)
Show source-provided references
1. Kato, Y. K., Myers, R. C., Gossard, A. C. & Awschalom, D. D. Observation of the spin Hall effect in semiconductors. Science 306, 1910–1913 (2004).10.1126/science.1105514 ↗
2. Wunderlich, J., Kaestner, B., Sinova, J. & Jungwirth, T. Experimental observation of the spin-Hall effect in a two-dimensional spin–orbit coupled semiconductor system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 047204 (2005).10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.047204 ↗
3. Wunderlich, J. et al. Spin Hall effect transistor. Science 330, 1801–1804 (2010).10.1126/science.1195816 ↗
4. Sinova, J., Valenzuela, S. O., Wunderlich, J., Back, C. H. & Jungwirth, T. Spin Hall effects. Rev. Mod. Phys. 87, 1213–1259 (2015).10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1213 ↗
5. Valenzuela, S. O. & Tinkham, M. Direct electronic measurement of the spin Hall effect. Nature 442, 176–179 (2006).10.1038/nature04937 ↗
6. Saitoh, E., Ueda, M., Miyajima, H. & Tatara, G. Conversion of spin current into charge current at room temperature: inverse spin-Hall effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 182509 (2006).10.1063/1.2199473 ↗
7. Uchida, K. et al. Observation of the spin Seebeck effect. Nature 455, 778–781 (2008).10.1038/nature07321 ↗
8. Jaworski, C. M. et al. Observation of the spin-Seebeck effect in a ferromagnetic semiconductor. Nat. Mater. 9, 898–903 (2010).10.1038/nmat2860 ↗
9. Uchida, K. et al. Observation of longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect in magnetic insulators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 172505 (2010).10.1063/1.3507386 ↗
10. Flipse, J., Bakker, F. L., Slachter, A., Dejene, F. K. & van Wees, B. J. Direct observation of the spin-dependent Peltier effect. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 166–168 (2012).10.1038/nnano.2012.2 ↗
11. Flipse, J. et al. Observation of the spin Peltier effect for magnetic insulators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 027601 (2014).10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.027601 ↗
12. Cheng, S., Xing, Y., Sun, Q. & Xie, X. C. Spin Nernst effect and Nernst effect in two-dimensional electron systems. Phys. Rev. B 78, 045302 (2008).10.1103/PhysRevB.78.045302 ↗
13. Liu, X. & Xie, X. Spin Nernst effect in the absence of a magnetic field. Solid State Commun. 150, 471–474 (2010).10.1016/j.ssc.2009.12.017 ↗
14. Tauber, K., Gradhand, M., Fedorov, D. V. & Mertig, I. Extrinisc spin Nernst effect from first principles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 026601 (2012).10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.026601 ↗
15. Wimmer, S., Ködderitzsch, D., Chadova, K. & Ebert, H. First-principles linear response description of the spin Nernst effect. Phys. Rev. B 88, 201108 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevB.88.201108 ↗
16. Hall, E. On a new action of the magnet on electric currents. Am. J. Math. 2, 287–292 (1879).10.2307/2369245 ↗
17. Von Ettingshausen, A. & Nernst, W. Ueber das Auftreten electromotorischer Kräfte in Metallplatten, welche von einem Wärmestrome durchflossen werden und sich im magnetischen Felde befinden. Ann. Phys. 265, 343–347 (1886).10.1002/andp.18862651010 ↗
18. Chazalviel, J. N. & Solomon, I. Experimental evidence of the anomalous Hall effect in a nonmagnetic semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 1676 (1972).10.1103/PhysRevLett.29.1676 ↗
19. D’yakonov, M. I. & Perel’, V. I. Possibility of orienting electron spins with current. JETP Lett. 13, 467–469 (1971).
20. Hirsch, J. E. Spin Hall effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1834 (1999).10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1834 ↗
21. Betthausen, C. et al. Spin-transistor action via tunable Landau–Zener transitions. Science 337, 324–327 (2012).10.1126/science.1221350 ↗
22. Hoffmann, A. Spin Hall effects in metals. IEEE Trans. Magn. 49, 5172–5193 (2013).10.1109/TMAG.2013.2262947 ↗
23. Ralph, D. C. & Stiles, M. D. Spin transfer torques. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 1190–1216 (2008).10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.12.019 ↗
24. Brataas, A., Bauer, G. E. & Kelly, P. J. Non-collinear magnetoelectronics. Phys. Rep. 427, 157–255 (2006).10.1016/j.physrep.2006.01.001 ↗
25. Nakayama, H. et al. Spin Hall magnetoresistance induced by a nonequilibrium proximity effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 206601 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.206601 ↗
26. Vlietstra, N. et al. Exchange magnetic field torques in YIG/Pt bilayers observed by the spin-Hall magnetoresistance. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 032401 (2013).10.1063/1.4813760 ↗
27. Chen, Y.-T. et al. Theory of spin Hall magnetoresistance. Phys. Rev. B 87, 144411 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevB.87.144411 ↗
28. Althammer, M. et al. Quantitative study of the spin Hall magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic insulator/normal metal hybrids. Phys. Rev. B 87, 224401 (2013).10.1103/PhysRevB.87.224401 ↗
29. Meyer, S. et al. Temperature dependent spin transport properties of platinum inferred from spin Hall magnetoresistance measurements. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 242411 (2014).10.1063/1.4885086 ↗
30. Sheng, P., Sakuraba, Y., Takahashi, S., Mitani, S. & Hayashi, M. Signatures of the Spin Nernst effect in Tungsten. Preprint at http://arXiv.org/abs/1607.06594 (2016).