journal article·2021-07-19

National growth dynamics of wind and solar power compared to the growth required for global climate targets

Aleh Cherp, Vadim Vinichenko, Jale Tosun, Joel A. Gordon, Jessica Jewell

Nature Energy· Volume 6· Issue 7
Publisher page

Abstract

Climate mitigation scenarios envision considerable growth of wind and solar power, but scholars disagree on how this growth compares with historical trends. Here we fit growth models to wind and solar trajectories to identify countries in which growth has already stabilized after the initial acceleration. National growth has followed S-curves to reach maximum annual rates of 0.8% (interquartile range of 0.6–1.1%) of the total electricity supply for onshore wind and 0.6% (0.4–0.9%) for solar. In comparison, one-half of 1.5 °C-compatible scenarios envision global growth of wind power above 1.3% and of solar power above 1.4%, while one-quarter of these scenarios envision global growth of solar above 3.3% per year. Replicating or exceeding the fastest national growth globally may be challenging because, so far, countries that introduced wind and solar power later have not achieved higher maximum growth rates, despite their generally speedier progression through the technology adoption cycle.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Global Energy and Sustainability Research · Integrated Energy Systems Optimization · Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (87)

Show source-provided references
1. IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 1–24 (WMO, 2018).
2. Smil, V. Examining energy transitions: a dozen insights based on performance. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 22, 194–197 (2016).10.1016/j.erss.2016.08.017 ↗
3. Napp, T. et al. Exploring the feasibility of low-carbon scenarios using historical energy transitions analysis. Energies 10, 116 (2017).10.3390/en10010116 ↗
4. van Sluisveld, M. A. E. et al. Comparing future patterns of energy system change in 2 °C scenarios with historically observed rates of change. Glob. Environ. Change 35, 436–449 (2015).10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.019 ↗
5. Wilson, C., Grubler, A., Bauer, N., Krey, V. & Riahi, K. Future capacity growth of energy technologies: are scenarios consistent with historical evidence? Clim. Change 118, 381–395 (2013).10.1007/s10584-012-0618-y ↗
6. World Energy Outlook 2020 (IEA, 2020).
7. Jäger-Waldau, A. PV Status Report 2019 (Publications Office of the European Union, 2019).
8. Grubb, M., Drummond, P. & Hughes, N. The Shape and Pace of Change in the Electricity Transition (UCL Institute for Sustainable Resource, 2020).
9. Creutzig, F. et al. The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. Nat. Energy 2, 17140 (2017).10.1038/nenergy.2017.140 ↗
10. Bond, K., Benham, H., Vaughan, E. & Butler-Sloss, S. The sky’s the limit. Carbon Tracker (23 April 2021); https://carbontracker.org/reports/the-skys-the-limit-solar-wind/
11. Griliches, Z. Hybrid corn: an exploration in the economics of technological change. Econometrica 25, 501–522 (1957).10.2307/1905380 ↗
12. Hägerstrand, T. Innovation Diffusion as a Spatial Process (Univ. Chicago Press, 1967).
13. Grubler, A. The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change (Physica, 1990).
14. Madsen, D. N. & Hansen, J. P. Outlook of solar energy in Europe based on economic growth characteristics. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 114, 109306 (2019).10.1016/j.rser.2019.109306 ↗
15. Gosens, J., Hedenus, F. & Sandén, B. A. Faster market growth of wind and PV in late adopters due to global experience build-up. Energy 131, 267–278 (2017).10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.046 ↗
16. Comin, D. & Mestieri, M. If technology has arrived everywhere, why has income diverged? Am. Econ. J. Macroecon. 10, 137–178 (2018).10.1257/mac.20150175 ↗
17. Fankhauser, S. & Jotzo, F. Economic growth and development with low-carbon energy. WIREs Clim. Change 9, e495 (2017).10.1002/wcc.495 ↗
18. Schaffer, L. M. & Bernauer, T. Explaining government choices for promoting renewable energy. Energy Policy 68, 15–27 (2014).10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.064 ↗
19. Jacobsson, S. & Johnson, A. The diffusion of renewable energy technology: an analytical framework and key issues for research. Energy Policy 28, 625–640 (2000).10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00041-0 ↗
20. Markard, J. The next phase of the energy transition and its implications for research and policy. Nat. Energy 3, 628–633 (2018).10.1038/s41560-018-0171-7 ↗
21. Bento, N., Wilson, C. & Anadon, L. D. Time to get ready: conceptualizing the temporal and spatial dynamics of formative phases for energy technologies. Energy Policy 119, 282–293 (2018).10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.015 ↗
22. Rotmans, J., Kemp, R. & van Asselt, M. More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy. Foresight 3, 15–31 (2001).10.1108/14636680110803003 ↗
23. Jacobsson, S. & Bergek, A. Transforming the energy sector: the evolution of technological systems in renewable energy technology. Ind. Corp. Change 13, 815–849 (2004).10.1093/icc/dth032 ↗
24. Arthur, W. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Univ. Michigan Press, 1994). https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.1002910.3998/mpub.10029 ↗
25. Blazquez, J., Fuentes-Bracamontes, R., Bollino, C. A. & Nezamuddin, N. The renewable energy policy paradox. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 1–5 (2018).10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.002 ↗
26. Wanner, B. Is Exponential Growth of Solar PV the Obvious Conclusion? (IEA, 2019).
27. Martinot, E. Grid integration of renewable energy: flexibility, innovation, and experience. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 41, 223–251 (2016).10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085725 ↗
28. Bird, L., Millligan, M. & Lew, D. Integrating Variable Renewable Energy: Challenges and Solutions NREL/TP-6A20-60451 (NREL, 2013).10.2172/1097911 ↗
29. Kramer, G. J. & Haigh, M. No quick switch to low-carbon energy In the first of two pieces on reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Nature 462, 568–569 (2009).10.1038/462568a ↗
30. Wüstenhagen, R., Wolsink, M. & Bürer, M. J. Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: an introduction to the concept. Energy Policy 35, 2683–2691 (2007).10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.001 ↗
31. Grubler, A., Wilson, C. & Nemet, G. Apples, oranges, and consistent comparisons of the temporal dynamics of energy transitions. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 22, 18–25 (2016).10.1016/j.erss.2016.08.015 ↗
32. Dobbin, F., Simmons, B. & Garrett, G. The global diffusion of public policies: social construction, coercion, competition, or learning? Annu. Rev. Sociol. 33, 449–472 (2007).10.1146/annurev.soc.33.090106.142507 ↗
33. Alizada, K. Rethinking the diffusion of renewable energy policies: a global assessment of feed-in tariffs and renewable portfolio standards. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 44, 346–361 (2018).10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.033 ↗
34. Fleig, A., Schmidt, N. M. & Tosun, J. Legislative dynamics of mitigation and adaptation framework policies in the EU. Eur. Policy Anal. 3, 101–124 (2017).10.1002/epa2.1002 ↗
35. Steffen, B., Matsuo, T., Steinemann, D. & Schmidt, T. S. Opening new markets for clean energy: the role of project developers in the global diffusion of renewable energy technologies. Bus. Politics 20, 553–587 (2018).10.1017/bap.2018.17 ↗
36. Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovations 5th edn (The Free Press, 2003).
37. Binz, C. & Truffer, B. Global innovation systems—a conceptual framework for innovation dynamics in transnational contexts. Res. Policy 46, 1284–1298 (2017).10.1016/j.respol.2017.05.012 ↗
38. Jewell, J. Ready for nuclear energy? An assessment of capacities and motivations for launching new national nuclear power programs. Energy Policy 39, 1041–1055 (2011).10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.041 ↗
39. Global Solar Atlas 2.0 (Solargis, accessed 30 December 2020); https://globalsolaratlas.info/
40. Global Wind Atlas 3.0 (DTU Wind Energy, accessed 30 December 2020); https://globalwindatlas.info
41. Jewell, J. et al. Limited emission reductions from fuel subsidy removal except in energy-exporting regions. Nature 554, 229–233 (2018).10.1038/nature25467 ↗
42. Colgan, J. D. Oil, domestic politics, and international conflict. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 1, 198–205 (2014).10.1016/j.erss.2014.03.005 ↗
43. Grubler, A. Time for a change: on the patterns of diffusion of innovation. Daedalus 125, 19–42 (1996).
44. van Ewijk, S. & McDowall, W. Diffusion of flue gas desulfurization reveals barriers and opportunities for carbon capture and storage. Nat. Commun. 11, 4298 (2020).10.1038/s41467-020-18107-2 ↗
45. Rogelj, J. et al. in Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 93–174 (WMO, 2018).
46. Huppmann, D. et al. IAMC 1.5 °C Scenario Explorer and Data Hosted by IIASA (IAMC, 2019); https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.336334510.5281/zenodo.3363345 ↗
47. Jaxa-Rozen, M. & Trutnevyte, E. Sources of uncertainty in long-term global scenarios of solar photovoltaic technology. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 266–273 (2021).10.1038/s41558-021-00998-8 ↗
48. Victoria, M. et al. Solar photovoltaics is ready to power a sustainable future. Joule 5, 1041–1056 (2021).10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.005 ↗
49. Jewell, J. & Cherp, A. On the political feasibility of climate change mitigation pathways: is it too late to keep warming below 1.5 °C? WIREs Clim. Change 11, e621 (2020).10.1002/wcc.621 ↗
50. Lauber, V. & Jacobsson, S. The politics and economics of constructing, contesting and restricting socio-political space for renewables—the German Renewable Energy Act. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 18, 147–163 (2016).10.1016/j.eist.2015.06.005 ↗
51. Yan, J., Yang, Y., Campana, P. E. & He, J. City-level analysis of subsidy-free solar photovoltaic electricity price, profits and grid parity in China. Nat. Energy 4, 709–717 (2019).10.1038/s41560-019-0441-z ↗
52. Lund, P. Energy policy planning near grid parity using a price-driven technology penetration model. Technol. Forecast. Soc. 90, 389–399 (2015).10.1016/j.techfore.2014.05.004 ↗
53. World Energy Balances (IEA, accessed 1 May 2021); https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00512-en10.1787/data-00512-en ↗
54. Mukasa, A. D., Mutambatsere, E., Arvanitis, Y. & Triki, T. Development of Wind Energy in Africa. African Development Bank Working Paper Series No. 170 (Tunis, 2013); https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/publications/working-paper-series
55. Bento, N. & Wilson, C. Measuring the duration of formative phases for energy technologies. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 21, 95–112 (2016).10.1016/j.eist.2016.04.004 ↗
56. Marchetti, C. The automobile in a system context. Technol. Forecast. Soc. 23, 3–23 (1983).10.1016/0040-1625(83)90068-9 ↗
57. Grubler, A., Nakićenović, N. & Victor, D. G. Dynamics of energy technologies and global change. Energy Policy 27, 247–280 (1999).10.1016/S0301-4215(98)00067-6 ↗
58. Box-Steffensmeier, J. M. & Jones, B. S. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004).10.1017/CBO9780511790874 ↗
59. Beck, N., Katz, J. N. & Tucker, R. Taking time seriously: time-series-cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. Am. J. Political Sci. 42, 1260–1288 (1998).10.2307/2991857 ↗
60. Carter, D. B. & Signorino, C. S. Back to the future: modeling time dependence in binary data. Political Anal. 18, 271–292 (2010).10.1093/pan/mpq013 ↗
61. Borucka, J. Extensions of Cox model for non-proportional hazards purpose. Ekonometria 3, 85–101 (2014).
62. Myers, R. H. Classical and Modern Regression with Applications (PWS-Kent, 1990).
63. Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 19, 716–723 (1974).10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705 ↗
64. Kleinbaum, D. G. & Klein, M. Logistic Regression—A Self-Learning Text. (Springer, 2010).10.1007/978-1-4419-1742-3 ↗
65. Lekvall, P. & Wahlbin, C. A study of some assumptions underlying innovation diffusion functions. Swedish J. Econ. 75, 362–377 (1973).10.2307/3439146 ↗
66. Geroski, P. A. Models of technology diffusion. Res. Policy 29, 603–625 (2000).10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00092-X ↗
67. Martino, J. P. A review of selected recent advances in technological forecasting. Technol. Forecast. Soc. 70, 719–733 (2003).10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00375-X ↗
68. Verhulst, P. F. Recherches Mathématiques sur La Loi D’Accroissement de la Population. Nouv. Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Belles-Lett. Brux. 18, 14–54 (1845).
69. Bento, N. & Fontes, M. Spatial diffusion and the formation of a technological innovation system in the receiving country: The case of wind energy in Portugal. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 15, 158–179 (2015).10.1016/j.eist.2014.10.003 ↗
70. Gompertz, B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 123, 513–585 (1825).
71. Winsor, C. The Gompertz curve as a growth equation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 18, 1–8 (1932).10.1073/pnas.18.1.1 ↗
72. Davies, S. W. & Diaz-Rainey, I. The patterns of induced diffusion: evidence from the international diffusion of wind energy. Technol. Forecast. Soc. 78, 1227–1241 (2011).10.1016/j.techfore.2011.03.012 ↗
73. Bates, D. M. & Chambers, J. M. in Statistical Models in S (eds Chambers, J. M. & Hastie, T. J.) 421–454 (Chapman and Hall, 1991).
74. Bates, D. M. & Watts, D. G. Nonlinear Regression Analysis and its Applications (Wiley, 1988).10.1002/9780470316757 ↗
75. Nash, J. C. Nonlinear Parameter Optimization using R Tools. (Wiley, 2014).10.1002/9781118884003 ↗
76. Germany Policy Projections (Climate Action Tracker, accessed 30 December 2020); https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/germany/current-policy-projections/
77. Trends in Renewable Energy (IRENA, accessed 30 December 2020); https://public.tableau.com/views/IRENARETimeSeries/Charts?%3Aembed=y&%3AshowVizHome=no&publish=yes&%3Atoolbar=no
78. World Bank Open Data (World Bank, accessed 30 December 2020); https://data.worldbank.org/
79. European Union Countries (European Union, 2020); https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries_en
80. Member Countries (OECD, accessed 30 December 2020); https://www.oecd.org/about/document/list-oecd-member-countries.htm
81. Coppedge, M. et al. V-Dem Dataset V9 (SSRN, 2019); https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.344105210.2139/ssrn.3441052 ↗
82. Armingeon, K. et al. Comparative Political Data Set 1960–2018 (Institute of Political Science, University of Zurich, 2020).
83. Global CFFDA-Based Onshore and Offshore Wind Potential Supply Curves by Country, Class and Depth. (NREL, accessed 1 May 2021); https://data.openei.org/submissions/273 (2013).
84. Solar Resources by Class and Country (NREL, accessed 1 May 2021); https://data.openei.org/submissions/421 (2008).
85. Morris, M., Robbins, G., Hansen, U. E. & Nygaard, I. Energy and Industrial Policy Failure in the South African Wind Renewable Energy Global Value Chain: The Political Economy Dynamics Driving a Stuttering Localisation Process (DTU, Orbit, 2020).
86. Tiseo, I. Global PV module manufacturing share by country 2018 (Statista, accessed 30 December 2020) https://www.statista.com/statistics/668749/regional-distribution-of-solar-pv-module-manufacturing/
87. Environmental Policy Stringency Index (Edition 2019) (OECD, accessed 30 December 2020); https://doi.org/10.1787/0ba28a31-en10.1787/0ba28a31-en ↗