Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of iron oxide/poly(2-methylaniline) nanohybrids for supercapacitor application
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This study reports the synthesis of a nanohybrid material composed of poly(2-methylaniline) (P(2MA)) and iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) as electrodes for supercapacitors using a simple and cost-effective method. Various characterization techniques were employed to analyze the samples. The results revealed that the Fe 2 O 3 /P(2MA) nanohybrid exhibits nanofiber structures, while pure P(2MA) displays a porous hollow sphere morphology. Furthermore, the analysis confirmed the effective dispersion of Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. The electrochemical properties of the Fe 2 O 3 /P(2MA) nanohybrid were found to surpass those of pure P(2MA) in both NaCl and HCl electrolytes. Notably, the nanohybrid demonstrated longer discharge times and higher oxidation/reduction currents in HCl than NaCl. The gravimetric and areal capacitances were measured at 998.4 F g −1 and 1497.6 mF cm −2 in 0.5 M HCl at a current density of 0.6 A g −1 . Furthermore, the nanohybrid retained 99.9% of its initial specific capacitance after 2,000 cycles. These findings underscore the significant potential of the Fe 2 O 3 /P(2MA) nanohybrid as a high-performance supercapacitor electrode for energy storage applications.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication · Conducting polymers and applications · Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh , 11623 , Saudi Arabia
Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , 62514 , Egypt
Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD , Delft , Netherlands
Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Science, Selçuk University , Konya 42030 , Turkey
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah , Madinah , Saudi Arabia
Nanomaterials Science Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , 62521 , Egypt
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Abdah MAAM, Azman NHN, Kulandaivalu S, Sulaiman Y. Review of the use of transition-metal-oxide and conducting polymer-based fibres for high-performance supercapacitors. Mater Des. 2020;186:108199.10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108199 ↗
2. Mao X, Liu H, Xu J, Mengwei L, Yang W. Surface reconstruction of Co3O4/rGO heterointerface enabling high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors. J Energy Storage. 2024;102:114128.10.1016/j.est.2024.114128 ↗
3. Thalji MR, Ali GAM, Shim J-J, Chong KF. Cobalt-doped tungsten suboxides for supercapacitor applications. Chem Eng J. 2023;473:145341.10.1016/j.cej.2023.145341 ↗
4. Atta A, Abdelhamied MM, Essam D, Shaban M, Alshammari AH, Rabia M. Structural and physical properties of polyaniline/silver oxide/silver nanocomposite electrode for supercapacitor applications. Int J Energy Res. 2022;46(5):6702–10.10.1002/er.7608 ↗
5. Essam D, Ahmed AM, Abdel-khaliek AA, Shaban M. One pot synthesis of poly m-toluidine incorporated silver and silver oxide nanocomposite as a promising electrode for supercapacitor devices. 2025;15:2698.10.1038/s41598-024-84848-5 ↗
6. Huang Y, Li H, Wang Z, Zhu M, Pei Z, Xue Q, et al. Nanostructured Polypyrrole as a flexible electrode material of supercapacitor. Nano Energy. 2016;22:422–38. 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.047.10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.047 ↗
7. Afif A, Rahman SM, Tasfiah Azad A, Zaini J, Islam MA, Azad AK. Advanced materials and technologies for hybrid supercapacitors for energy storage – A review. J Energy Storage. 2019;25(July):100852. 10.1016/j.est.2019.100852.10.1016/j.est.2019.100852 ↗
8. Karri SN, Ega SP, Perupogu V, Srinivasan P. Enhancing the electrochemical performance of polyaniline using fly ash of coal waste for supercapacitor application. ChemistrySelect. 2021;6(10):2576–89.10.1002/slct.202100513 ↗
9. Sun J, Luo B, Li H. A review on the conventional capacitors, supercapacitors, and emerging hybrid ion capacitors: past, present, and future. Adv Energy Sustainable Res. 2022;3(6):2100191.10.1002/aesr.202100191 ↗
10. Mao X, Hatton T, Rutledge G. A review of electrospun carbon fibers as electrode materials for energy storage. Curr Org Chem. 2013;17(13):1390–401.10.2174/1385272811317130006 ↗
11. Shoeb M, Fouzia M, Khan MN, Kim B-J, Jeong C. Waste to energy strategy: Graphene-supported Au-Ag2O polyIndole nanocomposites for antimony adsorption and their sequential utilization in supercapacitors device. Sep Purif Technol. 2024;329:123080.10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128656 ↗
12. Zhou Q, Wei T, Yue J, Sheng L, Fan Z. Polyaniline nanofibers confined into graphene oxide architecture for high-performance supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta. 2018;291:234–41. 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.104.10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.104 ↗
13. Kim BH, Kim CH, Yang KS, Rahy A, Yang DJ. Electrospun vanadium pentoxide/carbon nanofiber composites for supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta. 2012;83:335–40. 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.093.10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.093 ↗
14. Guo FM, Xu RQ, Cui X, Zhang L, Wang KL, Yao YW, et al. High performance of stretchable carbon nanotube-polypyrrole fiber supercapacitors under dynamic deformation and temperature variation. J Mater Chem A. 2016;4(23):9311–8.10.1039/C6TA02437H ↗
15. Balan BK, Chaudhari HD, Kharul UK, Kurungot S. Carbon nanofiber-RuO2-poly(benzimidazole) ternary hybrids for improved supercapacitor performance. RSC Adv. 2013;3(7):2428–36.10.1039/c2ra22776b ↗
16. Radhamani AV, Shareef KM, Rao MSR. ZnO@MnO2 core-shell nanofiber cathodes for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2016;8(44):30531–42.10.1021/acsami.6b08082 ↗
17. Yang Y, Yang F, Hu H, Lee S, Wang Y, Zhao H, et al. Dilute NiO/carbon nanofiber composites derived from metal organic framework fibers as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Chem Eng J. 2017;307:583–92.10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.132 ↗
18. Zhou H, Liu Y, Ren M, Zhai HJ. Mechanically exfoliated graphite paper with layered microstructures for enhancing flexible electrochemical energy storage. Inorg Chem Front. 2022;9:1346–57.10.1039/D1QI01601F ↗
19. Bashir T, Shakoor A, Ahmed E, Niaz NA, Akhtar MS, Raza MR, et al. Polypyrrole-Fe2O3 Nanocomposites with high dielectric constant: In situ chemical polymerisation. Polym Polym Compos. 2018;26(3):233–41.10.1177/096739111802600303 ↗
20. Liao M, Zhang K, Yan W, Yue H, Luo C, Wu G, et al. Constructing amorphous/crystalline heterointerface in cobalt sulfide for high-performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources. 2025;625:235663.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235663 ↗
21. Gamal A, Shaban M, BinSabt M, Moussa M, Ahmed AM, Rabia M, et al. Facile fabrication of polyaniline/pbs nanocomposite for high-performance supercapacitor application ahmed. Micromachines. 2022;1:17.10.3390/nano12050817 ↗
22. Ahmad SA, Fouzia M, Ansari MA, Alothman AA, Shoeb M, Jeong C. Morus alba-mediated defect-rich Fe-doped V2O5 nanoparticles on woven carbon fiber for high-performance supercapacitor with enhanced charge storage mechanism. J Alloy Compd. 2025;1020:179515.10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.179515 ↗
23. Fouzia M, Shoeb M, Khan JA, Gondal MA, Jeong C. Chemical reduction-induced defect-rich and synergistic effects of reduced graphene oxide based Cu-doped NiO nanocomposite (RGO@Cu-NiO NCs) decorated on woven carbon fiber for supercapacitor device and their charge storage mechanism. J Energy Storage. 2024;104:114578.10.1016/j.est.2024.114578 ↗
24. Mohd Abdah MAA, Azman NHN, Kulandaivalu S, Sulaiman Y. Review of the use of transition-metal-oxide and conducting polymer-based fibres for high-performance supercapacitors. Mater Des. 2020;186:108199. 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.10819910.1016/j.matdes.2019.108199 ↗
25. Lu XF, Chen XY, Zhou W, Tong YX, Li GR. α-Fe2O3@PANI core–shell nanowire arrays as negative electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015;7(27):14843–50.10.1021/acsami.5b03126 ↗
26. Shinde SK, Karade SS, Truong NTN, Veer SS, Shaikh SF, Al-Enizi AM, et al. Highly stable and thin layer of conducting PANI decorative on porous 3D nanoflakes like-NiCo2O4/CF nanomaterials for efficient Hybrid Supercapacitors application. J Energy Storage. 2023;78:109960.10.1016/j.est.2023.109960 ↗
27. Fathy A, Ahmed AM, Ghanem MA, Hamdy H, Shaban M, Mohammed KMH, et al. Supercapacitance performance of novel core/shell poly (m-toluidine)/( Co-Ni) nanoplatelets/nanoneedles nanocomposite. J Mol Liq. 2023;386:122466.10.1016/j.molliq.2023.122466 ↗
28. Bathula C, Reddy R, Naik S, Naushad M, Kim H. Deep eutectic solvent-assisted synthesis of transition metal oxide and its integration into polymer matrix for supercapacitor. J Mol Liq. 2024;403(March):124899. 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124899.10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124899 ↗
29. Li Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Chen H, Fan Y, Li Y, et al. Facile synthesis of a Ni-based NiCo2O4-PANI composite for ultrahigh specific capacitance. Appl Surf Sci. 2020;506:144646.10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144646 ↗
30. Dhineshkumar S, Rajkumar S, Sathiyan A, Merlin JP. Fabrication of Ag 2 WO 4/PANI composite with enhanced supercapacitor performance. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2024;35(20):1–15. 10.1007/s10854-024-13202-2.10.1007/s10854-024-13202-2 ↗
31. Sivakumar C, Nian J, Teng H. Poly (o -toluidine) for carbon fabric electrode modification to enhance the electrochemical capacitance and conductivity. J Power Sources. 2005;144:295–301.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.010 ↗
32. Andriianova AN, Biglova YN. Effect of structural factors on the physicochemical properties of functionalized polyanilines. 2020;10:7468–91.10.1039/C9RA08644G ↗
33. Bober P, Trchová M, Prokeš J, Varga M, Stejskal J. Polyaniline–silver composites prepared by the oxidation of aniline with silver nitrate in solutions of sulfonic acids. Electrochim Acta. 2011;56(10):3580–5.10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.041 ↗
34. Rabia M, Elsayed AM, Alnuwaiser MA. Decoration of poly-3-methyl aniline with As ( III) oxide and hydroxide as an effective photoelectrode for electroanalytical photon sensing with photodiode-like behavior. Micromachines. 2023;14(iii).10.3390/mi14081573 ↗
35. Abdelazeez AAA, Hadia NMA, Mourad AI, El-fatah GA, Shaban M, Ahmed AM, et al. Effect of Au plasmonic material on Poly M-toluidine for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation from sewage water. Polymers. 2022;14:17.10.3390/polym14040768 ↗
36. Pujari SS, Bobade RG, Shaikh SF, Al-Enizi AM, Ambare RC, Lokhande BJ. A binderless Ru:α-Fe2O3 binary nanocomposite electrode for supercapacitor applications. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2024;35:2162–75.10.1007/s10854-024-13857-x ↗
37. Sephra PJ, Baraneedharan P, Sivakumar M, Thangadurai TD, Nehru K. In situ growth of hexagonal-shaped α-Fe2O3 nanostructures over few layered graphene by hydrothermal method and their electrochemical performance. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2018;29(8):6898–908.10.1007/s10854-018-8676-1 ↗
38. Shaban M, Binsabt M, Ahmed AM. Recycling rusty iron with natural zeolite heulandite to create a unique nanocatalyst for green hydrogen production. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(12):3445.10.3390/nano11123445 ↗
39. Phakkhawan A, Suksangrat P, Srepusharawoot P, Ruangchai S, Pawinee K, Pimanpang S, et al. Reagent-and solvent-mediated Fe2O3 morphologies and electrochemical mechanism of Fe2O3 supercapacitors. J Alloy Compd. 2022;919:165702.10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165702 ↗
40. Lu PA, Manikandan MR, Yang PF, He YL, Yang F, Dang ST, et al. Synthesis, analysis and characterization of alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and their applications in supercapacitors. 2023;826:1–13.10.1007/s10854-023-10246-8 ↗
41. Singh U, Ramadesigan V, Chakraborty AK, Shukla S, Saxena S. High-performance α-Fe2O3 nano cubes as anode for supercapacitors. J Energy Storage. 2024;102:114124.10.1016/j.est.2024.114124 ↗
42. Ponnarasi K, Elangovan P, Surender S. Results in chemistry development of CNT/Fe2O3 nanocomposites as electrode materials for advanced supercapacitors. Results Chem. 2024;7(December 2023):101355. 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101355.10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101355 ↗
43. Palem RR, Ramesh S, Yadav HM, Kim JH, Sivasamy A, Kim HS, et al. Nanostructured Fe2O3@nitrogen-doped multiwalled nanotube/cellulose nanocrystal composite material electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor applications. J Mater Res Technol. 2020;9(4):7615–27. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.058.10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.058 ↗
44. Guo G, Su Q, Zhou W, Wei M, Wang Y. Cycling stability of Fe2O3 nanosheets as supercapacitor sheet electrodes enhanced by MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 2023;13(6):3643–51.10.1039/D2RA07383H ↗
45. Lorkit P, Panapoy M, Ksapabutr B. Iron oxide-based supercapacitor from ferratrane precursor via sol-gel-hydrothermal process. Energy Proc. 2014;56(C):466–73.10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.180 ↗
46. Azimov F, Kim J, Choi SM, Jung HM. Synergistic effects of Fe2O3 nanotube/polyaniline composites for an electrochemical supercapacitor with enhanced capacitance. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(6):1557.10.3390/nano11061557 ↗
47. Nandagudi A, Nagarajarao SH, Santosh MS, Basavaraja BM, Malode SJ, Mascarenhas RJ. Hydrothermal synthesis of transition metal oxides, transition metal oxide/carbonaceous material nanocomposites for supercapacitor applications. Mater Today Sustainable. 2022;19:100214.10.1016/j.mtsust.2022.100214 ↗
48. ur Rehman MN, Munawar T, Nadeem MS, Mukhtar F, Maqbool A, Riaz M, et al. Facile synthesis and characterization of conducting polymer-metal oxide based core-shell PANI-Pr2O–NiO–Co3O4 nanocomposite: As electrode material for supercapacitor. Ceram Int. 2021;47(13):18497–509.10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.173 ↗
49. Zhu P, Zhao Y. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of electroactive surface area of porous nickel: Peak current and peak charge methods and diffusion layer effect. Mater Chem Phys. 2019;233:60–7.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.05.034 ↗
50. Hwang JJ, Soto C, Lafaurie D, Stephen M, Sarno DM. Porous microspheres of polyaniline, poly(o-toluidine), and poly(m-toluidine) prepared from double emulsions stabilized by toluidine isomers as the single surfactant. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;513:331–41. 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.029.10.1016/j.jcis.2017.11.029 ↗
51. Ramli RA. Hollow polymer particles: A review. RSC Adv. 2017;7(83):52632–50.10.1039/C7RA10358A ↗
52. Lu Y, Chen C, Zhang X. Functional Nanofibers for Energy Storage. In: Handbook of smart textiles. Singapore: Springer; 2015. p. 513–47.10.1007/978-981-4451-45-1_18 ↗
53. Dhahebi A, Convergence N, Mohammed A, Dhahebi A, Chandra S, Gopinath B. Graphene impregnated electrospun nanofiber sensing materials: a comprehensive overview on bridging laboratory set ‑ up to industry. Nano Convergence. 2020;7:27. 10.1186/s40580-020-00237-4.10.1186/s40580-020-00237-4 ↗
54. Li Y, Fu Z, Su B. Hierarchically structured porous materials for energy conversion and storage. Adv Funct Mater. 2012;22(22):4634–67.10.1002/adfm.201200591 ↗
55. Manuscript A. Environmental Science.
56. Article R. Chem Soc Rev materials from energy storage and conversion. 2016.
57. Han S, Wu D, Li S, Zhang F, Feng X. Porous graphene materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. Adv Mater. 2014;26(6):849–64.10.1002/adma.201303115 ↗
58. Feng N, Gao M, Zhong J, Gu C, Zhang Y, Liu B. Stable structure and fast ion diffusion: a flexible MoO2@carbon hollow nanofiber film as a binder-free anode for sodium-ion batteries with superior kinetics and excellent rate capability. Polymers. 2024;16(11):1452.10.3390/polym16111452 ↗
59. Liu M, Zhang P, Qu Z, Yan Y, Lai C, Liu T, et al. Ion battery. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3917. 10.1038/s41467-019-11925-z.10.1038/s41467-019-11925-z ↗
60. Yang S, Zhao S, Chen S. Chemical science recent advances in electrospinning nano fiber materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries. Chem Sci. 2023;14:13346–66.10.1039/D3SC05283D ↗
61. Zhang X, Zhang J, Song W, Liu Z. Controllable synthesis of conducting polypyrrole nanostructures. J Phys Chem. 2006;110(3):1158–65.10.1021/jp054335k ↗
62. Pan L, Qiu H, Dou C, Li Y, Pu L, Xu J, et al. Conducting polymer nanostructures: template synthesis and applications in energy storage. 2010;11(7):2636–57.10.3390/ijms11072636 ↗
63. Ali MA, Kim HH, Lee CY, Soh HS, Lee JG, et al. Effects of the FeCl3 concentration on the polymerization of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin films on (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane monolayer-coated SiO2 surfaces. Met Mater Int. 2009;15(6):977–81.10.1007/s12540-009-0977-8 ↗
64. Suhasini A, Kumar KPV, Maiyalagan T. Synthesis, thermal and magnetic behavior of iron oxide-polymer nanocomposites. Sci Eng Compos Mater. 2018;25(1):189–95.10.1515/secm-2015-0531 ↗
65. Georgia Institute of Technology. Researchers find new mechanism governing particle growth in nanocomposites. Rockville, MD, USA: ScienceDaily, LLC; 2005. p. 1–4.
66. Kumar A. Nanoarchitectured transition metal oxides and their composites for supercapacitors. Electrochem Sci Adv. 2022;2(6):e2100187.10.1002/elsa.202100187 ↗
67. Balasubramanian N, Prabhu S, Sakthivel N, Ramesh R. Electrochemical performance of Fe2O3@PPy nanocomposite as an effective electrode material for supercapacitor electrochemical performance of Fe2O3@PPy nanocomposite as an effective electrode material for supercapacitor. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol. 2022;11(9):091001.10.1149/2162-8777/ac8837 ↗
68. Katowah DF, Hussein MA, Alam MM, Sobahi TR, Gabal MA, Asiri AM, et al. Poly(pyrrole-co-o-toluidine) wrapped CoFe2O4/R(GO-OXSWCNTs) ternary composite material for Ga3+ sensing ability. RSC Adv. 2019;9(57):33052–70.10.1039/C9RA03593A ↗
69. Mahudeswaran A, Vivekanandan J, Jeeva. A. Synthesis, characterization, optical and electrical properties of nanostructured poly(aniline-co-o-bromoaniline) prepared by in-situ polymerization method. Optik. 2016;127:3984–8.10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.01.095 ↗
70. Haydar MS, Ali S, Mandal P, Roy D, Roy MN, Kundu S, et al. Fe–Mn nanocomposites doped graphene quantum dots alleviate salt stress of Triticum aestivum through osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant defense. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1–26. 10.1038/s41598-023-38268-6.10.1038/s41598-023-38268-6 ↗
71. Liu L, Fu S, Lv X, Yue L, Fan L, Yu H, et al. A gas sensor With Fe2O3 Nanospheres based on trimethylamine detection for the rapid assessment of spoilage degree in fish. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:567584.10.3389/fbioe.2020.567584 ↗
72. Altowyan AS, Shaban M, Abdelkarem K, El Sayed AM. The impact of co doping and annealing temperature on the electrochemical performance and structural characteristics of SnO2 nanoparticulate photoanodes. Material. 2022;15(19):6534.10.3390/ma15196534 ↗
73. Correa CM, Faez R, Bizeto MA, Camilo FF. One-pot synthesis of a polyaniline-silver nanocomposite prepared in ionic liquid. RSC Adv. 2012;2(7):3088–93.10.1039/c2ra00992g ↗
74. Annamalai R. Synthesis, characterization and electrical properties of nano metal and metal-oxide doped with conducting polymer composites by in-situ chemical polymerization. MOJ Polym Sci. 2017;1(6):4–7.10.15406/mojps.2017.01.00031 ↗
75. Rasheed MH, Hashim FS, Abass KH. Impact of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the spectral and optical properties of electrospun nanofibrous poly vinyl alcohol/poly acrylamide. SSRN Electron J. 2023. 10.2139/ssrn.4403005.10.2139/ssrn.4403005 ↗
76. Soflaee F, Farahmandjou M, Firoozabadi TP. Polymer-mediated synthesis of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanorod. Chin J Phys. 2015;53(4):178–86.
77. Wang H, Wen H, Hu B, Fei G, Shen Y, Sun L, et al. Facile approach to fabricate waterborne polyaniline nanocomposites with environmental benignity and high physical properties. Sci Rep. 2017;7(January):1–12.10.1038/srep43694 ↗
78. Wadatkar NS, Waghuley SA. Characterizing the electro-optical properties of polyaniline/poly(vinyl acetate) composite films as-synthesized through chemical route. Results Surf Interfaces. 2021;4(June):100016. 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2021.100016.10.1016/j.rsurfi.2021.100016 ↗
79. Mirzaei A, Janghorban K, Hashemi B, Hosseini SR, Bonyani M, Leonardi SG, et al. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and investigation of electrical properties of fabricated thick films. Process Appl Ceram. 2016;10(4):209–18.10.2298/PAC1604209M ↗
80. Mohamed F, Hassaballa S, Shaban M, Ahmed AM. Highly efficient photocatalyst fabricated from the chemical recycling of iron waste and natural zeolite for super dye degradation. Nanomaterials. 2022;12(2):235.10.3390/nano12020235 ↗
81. Alenad AM, Taha TA, Zayed M, Gamal A, Shaaban M, Ahmed AM. Impact of carbon nanotubes concentrations on the performance of carbon nanotubes/zinc oxide nanocomposite for photoelectrochemical water splitting. J Electroanal Chem. 2023;943:117579.10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117579 ↗
82. Atta A, Abdelhamied MM, Abdelreheem AM, Berber MR. Flexible methyl cellulose/polyaniline/silver composite films with enhanced linear and nonlinear optical properties. Polymers. 2021;13(8):1–16.10.3390/polym13081225 ↗
83. Wang H, Mao J, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. Photocatalytic degradation of deoxynivalenol over dendritic-like α-Fe2O3 under visible light irradiation. Toxins. 2019;11(2):1–9.10.3390/toxins11020105 ↗
84. Zhan T, Ding G, Cao W, Li J, She X, Teng H. Amperometric sensing of catechol by using a nanocomposite prepared from Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles and N,S-doped carbon quantum dots. Microchim Acta. 2019;186(11):743.10.1007/s00604-019-3848-0 ↗
85. Martins AFN, Diniz FB, Rodrigues AR. Reaction between Fe3+and aniline in the synthesis of PANI-γFe₂O₃ and PANI-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites: Mechanistic studies and evaluation of parameters. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects. 2025;42:101477.10.1016/j.nanoso.2025.101477 ↗
86. EMI shielding performance of graphene oxide reinforced polyaniline/polystyrene solution cast thin films. Synth Met. 2023;296:117369.10.1016/j.synthmet.2023.117369 ↗
87. Okafor OB, Popoola API, Popoola OM, Adeosun SO. Review on the recent development on polyaniline and transition metal oxides composite electrode for supercapacitor application. Mater. 2025;6(July 2024):100389. 10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100389.10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100389 ↗
88. Li J, Xu GX. Research progress on applications of hDPSCs in cornea reconstruction. Int Eye Sci. 2017;17:1655–8.
89. Pal B, Yang S, Ramesh S, Thangadurai V, Jose R. Electrolyte selection for supercapacitive devices: A critical review. Nanoscale Adv. 2019;1(10):3807–35.10.1039/C9NA00374F ↗
90. Xia L, Yu L, Hu D, Chen GZ. Electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage. Mater Chem Front. 2017;1(4):584–618.10.1039/C6QM00169F ↗
91. Xiong T, Tan TL, Lu L, Siang W, Lee V, Xue J. Harmonizing energy and power density toward 2.7 v asymmetric aqueous supercapacitor. Adv Energy Mater. 2018;1702630:1–10.10.1002/aenm.201702630 ↗
92. Smiatek J, Heuer A, Winter M. Properties of ion complexes and their impact on charge transport in organic solvent-based electrolyte solutions for lithium batteries: insights from a theoretical perspective. Batteries. 2018;4(4):62.10.3390/batteries4040062 ↗
93. Kulandaivalu S, Suhaimi N, Sulaiman Y. Unveiling high specific energy supercapacitor from layer-by-layer assembled polypyrrole/graphene oxide|polypyrrole/manganese oxide electrode material. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–10.10.1038/s41598-019-41203-3 ↗
94. Lu L, Xu S, An J, Yan S. Electrochemical performance of CNTs/RGO/MnO2 composite material for supercapacitor. Nanomater Nanotechnol. 2016;6:1–7.10.1177/1847980416663687 ↗
95. Jiang DB, Zhang BY, Zheng TX, Zhang YX, Xu X. One-pot synthesis of η-Fe2O3 nanospheres/diatomite composites for electrochemical capacitor electrodes. Mater Lett. 2018;215:23–6. 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.12.059.10.1016/j.matlet.2017.12.059 ↗
96. Goriparti S, Miele E, De Angelis F, Di Fabrizio E, Zaccaria RP, Capiglia. C. Review on recent progress of nanostructured anode materials for Li-ion batteries. J Power Sources. 2014;257:421–43. 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.103.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.103 ↗
97. Zhu J, Xu Y, Wang J, Lin J, Sun X, Mao S. Effect of various electrolyte cations on electrochemical performance of polypyrrole/RGO based supercapacitors. R Soc Chem. 2015;17(43):28666–73.10.1039/C5CP04080A ↗
98. Shoeb M, Mashkoor F, Jeong H, Khan MN, Jeong C. Investigating the effect of carbon nanotubes decorated SmVO4-MoS2 nanocomposite for energy storage enhancement via VARTM-fabricated Solid-state structural supercapacitors using woven carbon fiber. Small. 2025;21(3):e2408283.10.1002/smll.202408283 ↗
99. Bohinc K, Kralj-Iglič V, Iglič A. Thickness of electrical double layer. Effect of ion size. Electrochim Acta. 2001;46(19):3033–40.10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00525-4 ↗
100. Ratajczak P, Suss ME, Kaasik F, Béguin F. Carbon electrodes for capacitive technologies. Energy Storage Mater. 2019;16:126–45. 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.031.10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.031 ↗