Synthesis of Cu 4 O 3 nanoparticles using pumpkin seed extract: Optimization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract In pursuit of sustainable nanomaterials, this study presents a green synthesis approach for producing copper oxide (Cu 4 O 3 ) nanoparticles (NPs) using pumpkin seed extract, a plant-based resource rich in bioactive compounds. Unlike conventional chemical methods, this eco-friendly route enables rapid, cost-effective NP production with minimal environmental impact. Notably, pumpkin seed extract serves a dual function as both a reducing and stabilizing agent during NP formation. The synthesized Cu 4 O 3 NPs were comprehensively characterized using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and UV–visible spectrophotometry. The NPs displayed sizes ranging from 8.92 to 55.84 nm, and the UV–Vis spectrum exhibited a characteristic peak at 332 nm, confirming Cu 4 O 3 formation. A maximum predicted yield of 89.87% was achieved under optimized conditions (7.0 mM CuSO 4 , 16.26 mL pumpkin seed extract, and 105.71°C), as determined using a Box–Behnken design. Furthermore, the biogenic Cu 4 O 3 NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis , with an inhibition zone diameter of 2.8 cm at a concentration of 4 ppm, and moderate cytotoxic effects against A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and HCT-116 (colon cancer) cell lines, as shown by MTT assays. Computational studies employing density functional theory elucidated the electronic structure and reactivity of the synthesized Cu 4 O 3 NPs, revealing a moderate HOMO–LUMO energy gap (1.23 eV), indicative of potential interactions with biological systems, which may contribute to their observed antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. These findings underscore the potential biomedical applications of pumpkin seed-mediated Cu 4 O 3 NPs and provide a foundation for future research in green nanotechnology.
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Medicinal Plant Research · Copper-based nanomaterials and applications · Advances in Cucurbitaceae Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Life and Basic Sciences, Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , 11451 , Saudi Arabia
Deaprtment of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , 202002 , India
Department of Safety Engineering, Dongguk University WISE, 123, Dongdaero , Gyeongju-si , 38066 , Republic of Korea
Department of Physics, Govt. Holkar Science College, Devi Ahilya University , Indore , India
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University , Jaipur , India
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, 110025 , India
Department of Chemistry, Marwari College (A constituent Unit of L.N. Mithila University, Kameshwarnagar), Darbhanga , Bihar , India
BDRM, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , 500007, Telangana , India
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi , Selangor , Malaysia
Disaster Information Research Division, National Disaster Management Research Institute , Ulsan , 44538 , Republic of Korea
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