Twisto-photonics in two-dimensional materials: A comprehensive review
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Twisted two-dimensional materials (t2DMs) such as graphene and black phosphorus are transforming the field of photonics, serving as a promising platform for the development of advanced devices that manipulate light. These materials possess multiple photonic properties that are determined by their twist angles. This article explores the profound impact of twist angles on various photonic phenomena, including nonlinear optical responses, optical absorption, plasmonics, and the influence of chirality in t2DMs. We delve into cutting-edge developments explained through Raman spectroscopy and the intriguing world of moiré excitons, as revealed through photoluminescence studies. As we explore device applications, we highlight groundbreaking advancements in photodetection, with a brief look into emerging technologies such as single-photon detectors, ultrafast modulators, light-emitting diodes, and interlayer exciton lasers. Our study extends to depict the promising future of t2DMs, emphasizing their prospective integration with other photonic systems and the discovery of novel optical phenomena in the domain of photonics. This review serves as a comprehensive guide to the dynamic field of photonics in t2DMs, highlighting current achievements and future prospects.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Photonic and Optical Devices · Plasmonic and Surface Plasmon Research · Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education , No. 351 Xinggang Road , Guangzhou , 510303 , China
Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus , Lahore , 45550 , Pakistan
MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing , 210094 , China
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California , Irvine , 92697, CA , United States of America
College of Mathematical Medicine, Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua , 321004 , China
Institute of Physics, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT) , Rahim Yar Khan , 64200 , Pakistan
Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra , 08193 , Barcelona , Spain
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark , DE, 19711 , United States of America
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science. 2004;306:666–9.10.1126/science.1102896 ↗
2. Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. Nat Mater. 2007;6:183–91.10.1038/nmat1849 ↗
3. Guo B, Lan Xiao Q, Hao Wang S, Zhang H. 2D layered Materials: Synthesis, nonlinear optical properties, and device applications. Laser Photon Rev. 2019;13:1–46.10.1002/lpor.201800327 ↗
4. You JW, Bongu SR, Bao Q, Panoiu NC. Nonlinear optical properties and applications of 2D materials: Theoretical and experimental aspects. Nanophotonics. 2018;8:63–97.10.1515/nanoph-2018-0106 ↗
5. Schaibley JR, Yu H, Clark G, Rivera P, Ross JS, Seyler KL, et al. Valleytronics in 2D materials. Nat Rev Mater. 2016;1:1–15.10.1038/natrevmats.2016.55 ↗
6. Castro Neto AH, Guinea F, Peres NMR, Novoselov KS, Geim AK. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys. 2009;81:109–62.10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109 ↗
7. Luo S, Wang Y, Tong X, Wang Z. Graphene-based optical modulators. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2015;10:1–11.10.1186/s11671-015-0866-7 ↗
8. Xu M, Liang T, Shi M, Chen H. Graphene-like two-dimensional materials. Chem Rev. 2013;113:3766–98.10.1021/cr300263a ↗
9. Mak KF, Lee C, Hone J, Shan J, Heinz TF. Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys Rev Lett. 2010;105:136805.10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.136805 ↗
10. Krasnok A, Alù A. Valley-selective response of nanostructures coupled to 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides. Appl Sci. 2018;8:1157.10.3390/app8071157 ↗
11. Xiao J, Ye Z, Wang Y, Zhu H, Wang Y, Zhang X. Nonlinear optical selection rule based on valley-exciton locking in monolayer WS2. Light Sci Appl. 2015;4:e366.10.1038/lsa.2015.139 ↗
12. Dean CR, Young AF, Meric I, Lee C, Wang L, Sorgenfrei S, et al. Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics. Nat Nanotechnol. 2010;5:722–6.10.1038/nnano.2010.172 ↗
13. Caldwell JD, Aharonovich I, Cassabois G, Edgar JH, Gil B, Basov DN. Photonics with hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Rev Mater. 2019;4:552–67.10.1038/s41578-019-0124-1 ↗
14. Futaba DN. Hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures go large. Nat Electron. 2023;6:104–5.10.1038/s41928-023-00917-z ↗
15. Su C, Zhang F, Kahn S, Shevitski B, Jiang J, Dai C, et al. Tuning colour centres at a twisted hexagonal boron nitride interface. Nat Mater. 2022;21:896–902.10.1038/s41563-022-01303-4 ↗
16. King A, Johnson G, Engelberg D, Ludwig W, Marrow J. Observations of intergranular stress corrosion cracking in a grain-mapped polycrystal. Science. 2008;321:382–5.10.1126/science.1156211 ↗
17. Kim KS, Zhao Y, Jang H, Lee SY, Kim JM, Kim KS, et al. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature. 2009;457:706–10.10.1038/nature07719 ↗
18. Novoselov KS, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth TJ, Khotkevich VV, Morozov SV, et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:10451–3.10.1073/pnas.0502848102 ↗
19. Han X, Zhao C, Wang S, Pan Z, Jiang Z, Tang X. Multifunctional TiO2/C nanosheets derived from 3D metal -organic frameworks for mild-temperature-photothermal-sonodynamic-chemodynamic therapy under photoacoustic image guidance. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;621:360–73.10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.077 ↗
20. Bistritzer R, MacDonald AH. Moiré bands in twisted double-layer graphene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:12233–7.10.1073/pnas.1108174108 ↗
21. Xiao D, Bin Liu G, Feng W, Xu X, Yao W. Phys Rev Lett. 2012;108.10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.217204 ↗
22. Schreppler S, Spethmann N, Brahms N, Botter T, Barrios M, Stamper-Kurn DM. Optically measuring force near the standard quantum limit. Science. 1979;2014(344):1486–9.10.1126/science.1249850 ↗
23. Hunt B, Sanchez-Yamagishi JD, Young AF, Yankowitz M, Leroy BJ, Watanabe K, et al. Massive dirac fermions and hofstadter butterfly in a van der waals heterostructure. Science. 2013;340:1427–30.10.1126/science.1237240 ↗
24. Esaki L, Tsu R. Superlattice and negative differential conductivity in semiconductors. IBM J Res Dev. 1970;14:61–5.10.1147/rd.141.0061 ↗
25. Steele W. Monolayer adsorption with lateral interaction on heterogeneous surfaces. J Phys Chem. 1963;67:2016–23.10.1021/j100804a014 ↗
26. Dean CR, Young AF, Meric I, Lee C, Wang L, et al. Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics. Nat Nanotechnol. 2010;5:722–26.10.1038/nnano.2010.172 ↗
27. Patil C, Dalir H, Kang JH, Davydov A, Wong CW, Sorger VJ. Highly accurate, reliable, and non-contaminating two-dimensional material transfer system. Appl Phys Rev. 2022;9:011419.10.1063/5.0071799 ↗
28. Schranghamer TF, Sharma M, Singh R, Das S. Review and comparison of layer transfer methods for two-dimensional materials for emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2021;50:11032–54.10.1039/D1CS00706H ↗
29. Watson AJ, Lu W, Guimaraes MHD, Stöhr M. Transfer of large-scale two-dimensional semiconductors: Challenges and developments. 2D Mater. 2021;8:032001.10.1088/2053-1583/abf234 ↗
30. Shen C, Chu Y, Wu QS, Li N, Wang S, Zhao Y, et al. Correlated states in twisted double bilayer graphene. Nat Phys. 2020;16:520–5.10.1038/s41567-020-0825-9 ↗
31. Yang F, Song W, Meng F, Luo F, Lou S, Lin S, et al. Tunable second harmonic generation in twisted bilayer graphene. Matter. 2020;3:1361–76.10.1016/j.matt.2020.08.018 ↗
32. Cheng Y, Huang C, Hong H, Zhao Z, Liu K. Emerging properties of two-dimensional twisted bilayer materials. Chin Phys B. 2019;28:107304.10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e46 ↗
33. Cai L, Yu G. Fabrication strategies of twisted bilayer graphenes and their unique properties. Adv Mater. 2021;33:1–24.10.1002/adma.202004974 ↗
34. Gao X-GG, Li X-KK, Xin W, Chen X-DD, Liu Z-BB, Tian J-GG. Fabrication, optical properties, and applications of twisted two-dimensional materials. Nanophotonics. 2020;9:1717–42.10.1515/nanoph-2020-0024 ↗
35. Tang B, Che B, Xu M, Ang ZP, Di J, Gao H-J, et al. Recent advances in synthesis and study of 2D twisted transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers. Small Struct. 2021;2:2000153.10.1002/sstr.202000153 ↗
36. Nimbalkar A, Kim H. Opportunities and challenges in twisted bilayer graphene: a review. Nanomicro Lett. 2020;12:1–20.10.1007/s40820-020-00464-8 ↗
37. Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, et al. Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature. 2018;556:43.10.1038/nature26160 ↗
38. Liu E, Barré E, van Baren J, Wilson M, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, et al. Signatures of moiré trions in WSe2/MoSe2 heterobilayers. Nature. 2021;594:46.10.1038/s41586-021-03541-z ↗
39. Chen G, Sharpe AL, Fox EJ, Zhang YH, Wang S, Jiang L, et al. Tunable correlated chern insulator and ferromagnetism in a moiré superlattice. Nature. 2020;579:56.10.1038/s41586-020-2049-7 ↗
40. Alexeev EM, Ruiz-Tijerina DA, Danovich M, Hamer MJ, Terry DJ, Nayak PK, et al. Resonantly hybridized excitons in moiré superlattices in van der waals heterostructures. Nature. 2019;567:81.10.1038/s41586-019-0986-9 ↗
41. Cao Y, Fatemi V, Demir A, Fang S, Tomarken SL, Luo JY, et al. Correlated insulator behaviour at half-filling in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature. 2018;556:80.10.1038/nature26154 ↗
42. Zhang L, Wu F, Hou S, Zhang Z, Chou YH, Watanabe K, et al. Van der waals heterostructure polaritons with moiré-induced nonlinearity. Nature. 2021;591:61.10.1038/s41586-021-03228-5 ↗
43. Yang W, Chen G, Shi Z, Liu CC, Zhang L, Xie G, et al. Epitaxial growth of single-domain graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Nat Mater. 2013;12:792.10.1038/nmat3695 ↗
44. Hu Q, Zhan Z, Cui H, Zhang Y, Jin F, Zhao X, et al. Observation of Rydberg moiré excitons. Science. 1979;2023(380):1367.10.1126/science.adh1506 ↗
45. Ponomarenko LA, Gorbachev RV, Yu GL, Elias DC, Jalil R, Patel AA, et al. Cloning of dirac fermions in graphene superlattices. Nature. 2013;497:594.10.1038/nature12187 ↗
46. Jin C, Regan EC, Yan A, Iqbal Bakti Utama M, Wang D, Zhao S, et al. Observation of moiré excitons in WSe2/WS2 heterostructure superlattices. Nature. 2019;567:76.10.1038/s41586-019-0976-y ↗
47. Sharpe AL, Fox EJ, Barnard AW, Finney J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, et al. Emergent ferromagnetism near three-quarters filling in twisted bilayer graphene. Science (1979). 2019;365:605.10.1126/science.aaw3780 ↗
48. Hsu WT, Zhao ZA, Li LJ, Chen CH, Chiu MH, Chang PS, et al. Second harmonic generation from artificially stacked transition metal dichalcogenide twisted bilayers. ACS Nano. 2014;8:2951.10.1021/nn500228r ↗
49. Hu G, Ou Q, Si G, Wu Y, Wu J, Dai Z, et al. Topological polaritons and photonic magic angles in twisted α-MoO3 bilayers. Nature. 2020;582:209.10.1038/s41586-020-2359-9 ↗
50. Huang T, Tu X, Shen C, Zheng B, Wang J, Wang H, et al. Observation of chiral and slow plasmons in twisted bilayer graphene. Nature. 2022;605:63.10.1038/s41586-022-04520-8 ↗
51. Wang H, Wang S, Zhang S, Zhu M, Ouyang W, Li Q. Deducing the internal interfaces of twisted multilayer graphene via moiré-regulated surface conductivity. Natl Sci Rev. 2023;10(8):nwad 175.10.1093/nsr/nwad175 ↗
52. Xian L, Kennes DM, Tancogne-Dejean N, Altarelli M, Rubio A. Multiflat bands and strong correlations in twisted bilayer boron nitride: Doping-induced correlated insulator and superconductor. Nano Lett. 2019;19:4934.10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00986 ↗
53. Nguyen VH, Hoang TX, Charlier JC. Electronic properties of twisted multilayer graphene. J Phys Mater. 2022;5:034003.10.1088/2515-7639/ac6c4a ↗
54. Robinson JT, Schmucker SW, Diaconescu CB, Long JP, Culbertson JC, Ohta T, et al. Electronic hybridization of large-area stacked graphene films. ACS Nano. 2013;7:637.10.1021/nn304834p ↗
55. Kim K, DaSilva A, Huang S, Fallahazad B, Larentis S, Taniguchi T, et al. Tunable moiré bands and strong correlations in small-twist-angle bilayer graphene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:3364.10.1073/pnas.1620140114 ↗
56. Ribeiro-Palau R, Zhang C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Dean CR. Twistable electronics with dynamically rotatable heterostructures. Science. 2018;361:690–3.10.1126/science.aat6981 ↗
57. Tsen AW, Brown L, Havener RW, Park J. Polycrystallinity and stacking in CVD graphene. Acc Chem Res. 2013;46:2286.10.1021/ar300190z ↗
58. Cao Y, Luo JY, Fatemi V, Fang S, Sanchez-Yamagishi JD, Watanabe K, et al. Superlattice-induced insulating states and valley-protected orbits in twisted bilayer graphene. Phys Rev Lett. 2016;117:116804.10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.116804 ↗
59. Lui CH, Ye Z, Ji C, Chiu KC, Chou CT, Andersen TI, et al. Observation of interlayer phonon modes in van der Waals heterostructures. Phys Rev B Condens Matter Mater Phys. 2015;91:165403.10.1103/PhysRevB.91.165403 ↗
60. Huang S, Ling X, Liang L, Kong J, Terrones H, Meunier V, et al. Probing the interlayer coupling of twisted bilayer MoS2 using photoluminescence spectroscopy. Nano Lett. 2014;14:5500.10.1021/nl5014597 ↗
61. Liao M, Wei Z, Du L, Wang Q, Tang J, Yu H, et al. Precise control of the interlayer twist angle in large scale MoS2 homostructures. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2153.10.1038/s41467-020-16056-4 ↗
62. Puretzky AA, Liang L, Li X, Xiao K, Sumpter BG, Meunier V, et al. Twisted MoSe2 bilayers with variable local stacking and interlayer coupling revealed by low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. ACS Nano. 2016;10:2736.10.1021/acsnano.5b07807 ↗
63. Wang K, Huang B, Tian M, Ceballos F, Lin MW, Mahjouri-Samani M, et al. Interlayer coupling in twisted WSe2/WS2 bilayer heterostructures revealed by optical spectroscopy. ACS Nano. 2016;10:6612.10.1021/acsnano.6b01486 ↗
64. Huang J, Xiong Z, He J, Wu X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, et al. Electrically tunable Γ–Q interlayer excitons in twisted MoSe2 bilayers. J Mater Sci Technol. 2025;207:70–5.10.1016/j.jmst.2024.04.029 ↗
65. Zhang Y, Baek JH, Lee CH, Jung Y, Hong SC, Nolan G, et al. Atom-by-atom imaging of moiré transformations in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Sci Adv. 2024;10:1874.10.1126/sciadv.adk1874 ↗
66. Wu Y, Wang S, Chen C, Zhou C, Chen K, Zhou J, et al. Raman-active interlayer phonons and moiré phonons in twisted thin-layer MoTe2. Adv Opt Mater. 2024;12:2301747.10.1002/adom.202301747 ↗
67. Kim H, Aino K, Shinokita K, Zhang W, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, et al. Dynamics of Moiré exciton in a twisted MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayer. Adv Opt Mater. 2023;11:2300146.10.1002/adom.202300146 ↗
68. Wang S, Wang F, Chen C, Wu Y, Chen J, Ou H, et al. Exciton Emission in Molybdenum Telluride Homobilayers with Fine-Tuned Twist-Angles. Adv Opt Mater. 2023;11:2300424.10.1002/adom.202300424 ↗
69. Jeong TJ, Kim S, Choi SH. Temperature Dependence of Photoluminescence in Twisted Heterobilayers of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides. Curr Appl Phys. 2024;60:9.10.1016/j.cap.2024.01.006 ↗
70. Chen YC, Lin WH, Tseng WS, Chen CC, Rossman GR, Chen CD, et al. Direct Growth of Mm-Size Twisted Bilayer Graphene by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. Carbon N Y. 2020;156:212.10.1016/j.carbon.2019.09.052 ↗
71. Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zou Z, Zhang Z, Wu Z, et al. Sequential Growth and Twisted Stacking of Chemical-Vapor-Deposited Graphene. Nanoscale Adv. 2021;3:983.10.1039/D0NA00982B ↗
72. Pezzini S, Mišeikis V, Piccinini G, Forti S, Pace S, Engelke R, et al. 30°–Twisted Bilayer Graphene Quasicrystals from Chemical Vapor Deposition. Nano Lett. 2020;20:3313.10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00172 ↗
73. Yan Z, Liu Y, Ju L, Peng Z, Lin J, Wang G, et al. Large Hexagonal Bi- and Trilayer Graphene Single Crystals with Varied Interlayer Rotations. Angew Chem. 2014;126:1591.10.1002/ange.201306317 ↗
74. Gao Z, Zhang Q, Naylor CH, Kim Y, Abidi IH, Ping J, et al. Crystalline Bilayer Graphene with Preferential Stacking from Ni–Cu Gradient Alloy. ACS Nano. 2018;12:2275.10.1021/acsnano.7b06992 ↗
75. Liu K, Zhang L, Cao T, Jin C, Qiu D, Zhou Q, et al. Evolution of interlayer coupling in twisted molybdenum disulfide bilayers. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4966.10.1038/ncomms5966 ↗
76. Zheng H, Guo H, Chen S, Wu B, Li S, He J, et al. Strong interlayer coupling in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide Moiré superlattices. Adv Mater. 2023;35:2210909.10.1002/adma.202210909 ↗
77. Bachmatiuk A, Abelin RF, Quang HT, Trzebicka B, Eckert J, Rummeli MH. Chemical vapor deposition of twisted bilayer and few-layer MoSe2 over SiOx substrates. Nanotechnology. 2014;25:365603.10.1088/0957-4484/25/36/365603 ↗
78. Zheng S, Sun L, Zhou X, Liu F, Liu Z, Shen Z, et al. Coupling and interlayer exciton in twist-stacked WS2 bilayers. Adv Opt Mater. 2015;3:1600.10.1002/adom.201500301 ↗
79. Xu M, Ji H, Zhang M, Zheng L, Li W, Luo L, et al. CVD synthesis of twisted bilayer WS2 with tunable second harmonic generation. Adv Mater. 2024;36:2313638.10.1002/adma.202313638 ↗
80. Lu M, Ji H, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Tao J, Ou Y, et al. Machine learning-assisted synthesis of two-dimensional materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022;15(1):1871–8.10.1021/acsami.2c18167 ↗
81. Xia Y, Wu L, Wang G. Rapid evaluation method for anisotropic growth of WS2 monolayers by combining machine learning algorithms and kinetic Monte Carlo simulation data. Comput Mater Sci. 2020;184:109922.10.1016/j.commatsci.2020.109922 ↗
82. Chen XD, Xin W, Jiang WS, Liu ZB, Chen YS, Tian JG. High-Precision Twist-Controlled Bilayer and Trilayer Graphene. Adv Mater. 2016;28:2563.10.1002/adma.201505129 ↗
83. Zhang T, Li C-H, Li W, Wang Z, Gu Z, Li J, et al. A self-healing optoacoustic patch with high damage threshold and conversion efficiency for biomedical applications. Nanomicro Lett. 2024;16:122.10.1007/s40820-024-01346-z ↗
84. Kim K, Yankowitz M, Fallahazad B, Kang S, Movva HCP, Huang S, et al. Van der waals heterostructures with high accuracy rotational alignment. Nano Lett. 2016;16:1989.10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05263 ↗
85. Wang B, Huang M, Kim NY, Cunning BV, Huang Y, Qu D, et al. Controlled Folding of Single Crystal Graphene. Nano Lett. 2017;17:1467.10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04459 ↗
86. Yuan J, Liao M, Huang Z, Tian J, Chu Y, Du L, et al. Precisely controlling the twist angle of epitaxial MoS2/graphene heterostructure by AFM tip manipulation. Chin Phys B. 2022;31:087302.10.1088/1674-1056/ac720e ↗
87. Ma X, Liu Q, Xu D, Zhu Y, Kim S, Cui Y, et al. Capillary-Force-Assisted Clean-Stamp Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials. Nano Lett. 2017;17:6961.10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03449 ↗
88. Tao L, Li H, Gao Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Deng Y, et al. Deterministic and etching-free transfer of large-scale 2D layered materials for constructing interlayer coupled van der waals heterostructures. Adv Mater Technol. 2018;3:1700282.10.1002/admt.201700282 ↗
89. Shen PC, Lin Y, Wang H, Park JH, Leong WS, Lu AY, et al. CVD Technology for 2-D Materials. IEEE Trans Electron Devices. 2018;65:4040.10.1109/TED.2018.2866390 ↗
90. Cai Z, Liu B, Zou X, Cheng HM. Chemical vapor deposition growth and applications of two-dimensional materials and their heterostructures. Chemical reviews. 2018;118:6091–133.10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00536 ↗
91. Kang T, Tang TW, Pan B, Liu H, Zhang K, Luo Z. Strategies for controlled growth of transition metal dichalcogenides by chemical vapor deposition for integrated electronics. ACS materials Au. 2022;2:665–85.10.1021/acsmaterialsau.2c00029 ↗
92. Shinde SM, Dhakal KP, Chen X, Yun WS, Lee J, Kim H, et al. Stacking-controllable interlayer coupling and symmetric configuration of multilayered MoS2. NPG Asia Mater. 2018;10:1.10.1038/am.2017.226 ↗
93. Wang H, Zhu D, Jiang F, Zhao P, Wang H, Zhang Z, et al. Revealing the microscopic CVD growth mechanism of MoSe2 and the role of hydrogen gas during the growth procedure. Nanotechnology. 2018;29:314001.10.1088/1361-6528/aac397 ↗
94. Zhang Y, Lee Y, Zhang W, Song D, Lee K, Zhao Y, et al. Deterministic fabrication of twisted Van Der Waals structures. Adv Funct Mater. 2023;33:2212210.10.1002/adfm.202212210 ↗
95. Gan W, Han N, Yang C, Wu P, Liu Q, Zhu W, et al. A ternary alloy substrate to synthesize monolayer graphene with liquid carbon precursor. ACS Nano. 2017;11:1371.10.1021/acsnano.6b06144 ↗
96. Ma W, Zhang Q, Li L, Geng D, Hu W. Small twist, big miracle–recent progress on fabrication of twisted 2D materials. J Mater Chem C Mater. 2023;11:15793.10.1039/D3TC02660D ↗
97. Gong Y, Lin J, Wang X, Shi G, Lei S, Lin Z, et al. Vertical and in-plane heterostructures from WS2/MoS2 monolayers. Nat Mater. 2014;13:1135.10.1038/nmat4091 ↗
98. Autere A, Jussila H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lipsanen H, Sun Z. Nonlinear optics with 2D layered materials. Adv Mater. 2018;30:1.10.1002/adma.201705963 ↗
99. Ullah K, Meng Y, Shi Y, Wang F. Harmonic Generation in Low – Dimensional Materials. Adv Opt Mater. 2022;10(7):2101860.10.1002/adom.202101860 ↗
100. Zhou R, Krasnok A, Hussain N, Yang S, Ullah K. Controlling the Harmonic Generation in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their Heterostructures. Nanophotonics. 2022;11:3007.10.1515/nanoph-2022-0159 ↗