One-pot synthesis of nano titanium dioxide in supercritical water
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized metal oxides is of great interest for scholars due to its one-pot and readily realizing commercial production process. Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized TiO2 in subcritical and supercritical water was investigated with different reaction temperatures (250–450°C), time (3–10 min), precursor species (Ti(SO4)2, TiCl4), and the addition of a surfactant (CH3(CH2)5NH2). TiO2 synthesized under supercritical state has a higher degree of crystallinity when compared with TiO2 obtained from subcritical state, which is attributed to a higher reaction rate. Extending reaction time from 3 to 10 min leads to the growth of crystal and broader size distribution (36.66 ± 8.5 nm). More uniform products can be obtained when Ti(SO4)2 acting as the precursor compared with TiCl4 being the precursor. The application of surfactant CH3(CH2)5NH2 in the synthesis makes chemical bonding between the particle surface and organic ligand. It affects the growth direction of TiO2 crystal; as a result, rod-like TiO2 crystal is obtained.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Subcritical and Supercritical Water Processes · Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education , Department of Thermal Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University , Xi’an , Shaanxi, 710049 , China
References (36)
Show source-provided references
1. Xue C, Zhang TX, Ding SJ, Wei JJ, Yang GD. Anchoring tailored low-index faceted BiOBr nanoplates onto TiO2 nanorods to enhance the stability and visible-light-driven catalytic activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9:16091–102.10.1021/acsami.7b00433 ↗
2. Wagemaker M, van de Krol R, Kentgens APM, van Well AA, Mulder FM. Two phase morphology limits lithium diffusion in TiO2 (anatase): a Li-7 MAS NMR study. J Am Chem Soc. 2001;123:11454–61.10.1021/ja0161148 ↗
3. Fukahori S, Ichiura H, Kitaoka T, Tanaka H. Photocatalytic decomposition of bisphenol A in water using composite TiO2–zeolite sheets prepared by a papermaking technique. Environ Sci Technol. 2003;37:1048–51.10.1021/es0260115 ↗
4. Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M. Molecular photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res. 2000;33:269–77.10.1021/ar980112j ↗
5. Dahl M, Liu Y, Yin Y. Composite titanium dioxide nanomaterials. Chem Rev. 2014;114:9853.10.1021/cr400634p ↗
6. Chen X, Selloni A. Introduction: titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials. Chem Rev. 2014;114:9281.10.1021/cr500422r ↗
7. Joo J, Kwon SG, Yu T, Cho M, Lee J, Yoon J, et al. Large-scale synthesis of TiO2 nanorods via nonhydrolytic sol–gel ester elimination reaction and their application to photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli. J Phys Chem B. 2005;109:15297–302.10.1021/jp052458z ↗
8. Lin J, Lin Y, Liu P, Meziani MJ, Allard LF, Sun YP. Hot-fluid annealing for crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles in stable suspension. J Am Chem Soc. 2002;124:11514–8.10.1021/ja0206341 ↗
9. Chin S, Park E, Kim M, Bae GN, Jurng J. Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by chemical vapor condensation method with different precursor concentration and residence time. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011;362:470–6.10.1016/j.jcis.2011.06.034 ↗
10. Zhu YC, Li HL, Koltypin Y, Hacohen YR, Gedanken A. Sonochemical synthesis of titania whiskers and nanotubes. Chem Commun. 2001;2616–7.10.1039/b108968b ↗
11. Kartini I, Menzies D, Blake D, da Costa JCD, Meredith P, Riches JD, et al. Hydrothermal seeded synthesis of mesoporous titania for application in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs). J Mater Chem. 2004;14:2917–21.10.1039/b406286h ↗
12. Zhang DB, Qi LM, Ma JM, Cheng HM. Formation of crystalline nanosized titania in reverse micelles at room temperature. J Mater Chem. 2002;12:3677–80.10.1039/b206996b ↗
13. Cargnello M, Gordon TR, Murray CB. Solution-phase synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanocrystals. Chem Rev. 2014;114:9319–45.10.1021/cr500170p ↗
14. Yu JC, Zhang LZ, Yu JG. Direct sonochemical preparation and characterization of highly active mesoporous TiO2 with a bicrystalline framework. Chem Mater. 2002;14:4647–53.10.1021/cm0203924 ↗
15. Adschiri T, Lee YW, Goto M, Takami S. Green materials synthesis with supercritical water. Green Chem. 2011;13:1380–90.10.1039/c1gc15158d ↗
16. Namratha K, Byrappa K. Novel solution routes of synthesis of metal oxide and hybrid metal oxide nanocrystals. Prog Cryst Growth Charact. 2012;58:14–42.10.1016/j.pcrysgrow.2011.10.005 ↗
17. Sue K, Murata K, Kimura K, Arai K. Continuous synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles in supercritical water. Green Chem. 2003;5:659–62.10.1039/b306544h ↗
18. Sun PP, Wang SZ, Zhang T, Li YH, Guo Y. Supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of submicrometer copper(ii) oxide: effect of reaction conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2017;56:6286–94.10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00777 ↗
19. Hao YL, Teja AS. Continuous hydrothermal crystallization of alpha-Fe2O3 and Co3O4 nanoparticles. J Mater Res. 2003;18:415–22.10.1557/JMR.2003.0053 ↗
20. Hong SA, Kim SJ, Chung KY, Chun MS, Lee BG, Kim J. Continuous synthesis of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) nanoparticles in supercritical water: effect of mixing tee. J Supercritical Fluids. 2013;73:70–9.10.1016/j.supflu.2012.11.008 ↗
21. Adschiri T, Kanazawa K, Arai K. Rapid and continuous hydrothermal crystallization of metal–oxide particles in supercritical water. J Am Ceram Soc. 1992;75:1019–22.10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04179.x ↗
22. Mousavand T, Zhang J, Ohara S, Umetsu M, Naka T, Adschiri T. Organic-ligand-assisted supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of titanium oxide nanocrystals leading to perfectly dispersed titanium oxide nanoparticle in organic phase. J Nanopart Res. 2007;9:1067–71.10.1007/s11051-006-9186-2 ↗
23. Eltzholtz JR, Tyrsted C, Jensen KMO, Bremholm M, Christensen M, Becker-Christensen J, et al. Pulsed supercritical synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in a water–isopropanol mixture studied by in situ powder X-ray diffraction. Nanoscale. 2013;5:2372–8.10.1039/c3nr33127j ↗
24. Makwana NM, Tighe CJ, Gruar RI, McMillan PF, Darr JA. Pilot plant scale continuous hydrothermal synthesis of nano-titania; effect of size on photocatalytic activity. Mater Sci Semicond Proc. 2016;42:131–7.10.1016/j.mssp.2015.08.043 ↗
25. Mi JL, Clausen C, Bremholm M, Lock N, Jensen KMO, Christensen M, et al. Rapid hydrothermal preparation of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles by simultaneous transformation of primary Brookite and anatase: an in situ synchrotron PXRD study. Cryst Growth Des. 2012;12:6092–7.10.1021/cg301230w ↗
26. Mi JL, Johnsen S, Clausen C, Hald P, Lock N, So L, et al. Highly controlled crystallite size and crystallinity of pure and iron-doped anatase–TiO2 nanocrystals by continuous flow supercritical synthesis. J Mater Res. 2013;28:333–9.10.1557/jmr.2012.234 ↗
27. Kawasaki S, Xiuyi Y, Sue K, Hakuta Y, Suzuki A, Arai K. Continuous supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of controlled size and highly crystalline anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. J Supercritical Fluids. 2009;50:276–82.10.1016/j.supflu.2009.06.009 ↗
28. Hayashi H, Torii K. Hydrothermal synthesis of titania photocatalyst under subcritical and supercritical water conditions. J Mater Chem. 2002;12:3671–6.10.1039/b207052a ↗
29. Aksomaityte G, Poliakoff M, Lester E. The production and formulation of silver nanoparticles using continuous hydrothermal synthesis. Chem Eng Sci. 2013;85:2–10.10.1016/j.ces.2012.05.035 ↗
30. Sun P, Gjørup FH, Ahlburg JV, Mamakhel A, Wang S, Christensen M. In situ in-house powder X-ray diffraction study of zero-valent copper formation in supercritical methanol. Cryst Growth Des. 2019;19:2219–27.10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01832 ↗
31. Sue K, Suzuki A, Hakuta Y, Hayashi H, Arai K, Takebayashi Y, et al. Hydrothermal-reduction synthesis of Ni nanoparticles by superrapid heating using a micromixer. Chem Lett. 2009;38:1018–9.10.1246/cl.2009.1018 ↗
32. Rangappa D, Ohara S, Umetsu M, Naka T, Adschiri T. Synthesis, characterization and organic modification of copper manganese oxide nanocrystals under supercritical water. J Supercritical Fluids. 2008;44:441–5.10.1016/j.supflu.2007.09.022 ↗
33. Amis ES, Hinton JF. Chapter 5 – Solvent influence on rates and mechanisms. In: Amis ES, Hinton JF, editors. Solvent effects on chemical phenomena. New York, America: Academic Press; 1973.10.1016/B978-0-12-057301-1.50010-6 ↗
34. Zhong Z, Ng V, Luo J, Teh SP, Teo J, Gedanken A. Manipulating the self-assembling process to obtain control over the morphologies of copper oxide in hydrothermal synthesis and creating pores in the oxide architecture. Langmuir. 2007;23:5971–7.10.1021/la063344x ↗
35. Jun Y-w, Casula MF, Sim J-H, Kim SY, Cheon J, Alivisatos AP. Surfactant-assisted elimination of a high energy facet as a means of controlling the shapes of TiO2 nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc. 2003;125:15981–5.10.1021/ja0369515 ↗
36. Penn RL, Banfield JF. Morphology development and crystal growth in nanocrystalline aggregates under hydrothermal conditions: insights from titania. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 1999;63:1549–1557.10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00037-X ↗