A mini-review on MoS 2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract This review provides comprehensive studies of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) for water desalination. The most recent molecular dynamics simulation and experimental work on the design, fabrication, ion rejection, and water flux of MoS 2 were summarized. Since MoS 2 has excellent properties such as physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties compared to other 2D materials such as graphene-based nanomaterial, it is necessary to have a critical study on MoS 2 -based membranes. Hence, a critical review of MoS 2 -based membranes has been found essential for us to investigate and evaluate the findings in this field and objectively assess the current state-of-the-art in water desalination. The advantages of desalination technology and the primary approaches that have been used up until now are first outlined in this study, deeply emphasizing membrane technology. The primary mechanism of salt rejection in membrane technology is explained. Then, the types of MoS 2 -based membranes for water desalination are reviewed based on the different published works while critically reviewing the performance of each type of MoS 2 -based membranes.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Membrane Separation Technologies · Graphene research and applications · MXene and MAX Phase Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg , 2006 , South Africa
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Qasim M, Darwish NA, Sarp S, Hilal N. Water desalination by forward (direct) osmosis phenomenon: A comprehensive review. Desalination. 2015;374:47–69. 10.1016/j.desal.2015.07.016.10.1016/j.desal.2015.07.016 ↗
2. Li C, Goswami Y, Stefanakos E. Solar assisted sea water desalination: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2013;19:136–63. 10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.059.10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.059 ↗
3. Gu Z, Liu S, Dai X, Chen SH, Yang Z, Zhou R. Nanoporous boron nitride for high efficient water desalination. BioRxiv. 2018.10.1101/500876 ↗
4. Singh K, Ohlan A, Saini P, Dhawan SK. Composite – super paramagnetic behavior and variable range hopping 1D conduction mechanism – synthesis and characterization. Polym Adv Technol. 2008;229–36. 10.1002/pat.10.1002/pat.1003 ↗
5. Khosravi MJ, Hosseini SM, Vatanpour V. Performance improvement of PES membrane decorated by Mil-125(Ti)/chitosan nanocomposite for removal of organic pollutants and heavy metal. Chemosphere. 2022;290:133335. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133335.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133335 ↗
6. Alghoul MA, Poovanaesvaran P, Sopian K, Sulaiman MY. Review of brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) system designs. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2009;13:2661–7. 10.1016/j.rser.2009.03.013.10.1016/j.rser.2009.03.013 ↗
7. Asadollahi M, Bastani D, Musavi SA. Enhancement of surface properties and performance of reverse osmosis membranes after surface modification: A review. Desalination. 2017;420:330–83. 10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.027.10.1016/j.desal.2017.05.027 ↗
8. Greenlee LF, Lawler DF, Freeman BD, Marrot B, Moulin P. Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges. Water Res. 2009;43:2317–48. 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010.10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010 ↗
9. Hailemariam RH, Woo YC, Damtie MM, Kim BC, Park KD, Choi JS. Reverse osmosis membrane fabrication and modification technologies and future trends: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2020;270:102100. 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102100.10.1016/j.cis.2019.102100 ↗
10. Peñate B, García-Rodríguez L. Current trends and future prospects in the design of seawater reverse osmosis desalination technology. Desalination. 2012;284:1–8. 10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.010.10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.010 ↗
11. Goh PS, Ismail AF. Chemically functionalized polyamide thin film composite membranes: The art of chemistry. Desalination. 2020;495:114655. 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114655.10.1016/j.desal.2020.114655 ↗
12. Ennaceri H, Fischer K, Schulze A, Moheimani NR. Membrane fouling control for sustainable microalgal biodiesel production: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2022;161:112335. 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112335.10.1016/j.rser.2022.112335 ↗
13. Zhang H, He Q, Luo J, Wan Y, Darling SB. Sharpening nanofiltration: Strategies for enhanced membrane selectivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2020;12:39948–66. 10.1021/acsami.0c11136.10.1021/acsami.0c11136 ↗
14. Faculty TA, Qiu S, Fulfillment IP. Synthesis and characterization of phase inversion membrane with Mos 2 Copyright © 2019 By Sihan Qiu synthesis and characterization of phase inversion 2019.
15. Prapulla SG, Karanth NG. Fermentation (Industrial): Recovery of metabolites. Vol. 2, 2nd edn. Mysore, India: Central Food Technological Research Institute; 2014. 10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00109-9.10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00109-9 ↗
16. Al-Mufachi NA, Rees NV, Steinberger-Wilkens R. Hydrogen selective membranes: A review of palladium-based dense metal membranes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;47:540–51.10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.026 ↗
17. Elimelech M, Phillip WA. The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment. Science (80-). 2011;333:712–7. 10.1126/science.1200488.10.1126/science.1200488 ↗
18. Ravula S, Essner JB, Baker GA. Kitchen-inspired nanochemistry: Dispersion, exfoliation, and hybridization of functional MoS2 nanosheets using culinary hydrocolloids. ChemNanoMat. 2015;1:167–77. 10.1002/cnma.201500022.10.1002/cnma.201500022 ↗
19. Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Liao W, Zhao Y. MoS2-based membranes in water treatment and purification. Chem Eng J. 2021;422:130082. 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130082.10.1016/j.cej.2021.130082 ↗
20. Faucher S, Aluru N, Bazant MZ, Blankschtein D, Brozena AH, Cumings J, et al. Critical knowledge gaps in mass transport through single-digit nanopores: A review and perspective. J Phys Chem C. 2019;123:21309–26. 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b02178.10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b02178 ↗
21. Zhao Y, Xie Y, Liu Z, Wang X, Chai Y, Yan F. Two-dimensional material membranes: An emerging platform for controllable mass transport applications. Small. 2014;10:4521–42. 10.1002/smll.201401549.10.1002/smll.201401549 ↗
22. Mei L, Cao Z, Ying T, Yang R, Peng H, Wang G, et al. Simultaneous electrochemical exfoliation and covalent functionalization of MoS 2 membrane for ion sieving. Adv Mater. 2022;2201416. 10.1002/adma.202201416.10.1002/adma.202201416 ↗
23. Wei X, Fan X, Deng Y, Li L, Han X, Lu P, et al. Improved dyes separation performance of reduced graphene by incorporation MoS2 nanosheets. J Ind Eng Chem. 2022;111:437–46. 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.04.024.10.1016/j.jiec.2022.04.024 ↗
24. Remanan S, Padmavathy N, Ghosh S, Mondal S, Bose S, Das NC. Porous graphene-based membranes: preparation and properties of a unique two-dimensional nanomaterial membrane for water purification. Sep Purif Rev. 2021;50:262–82. 10.1080/15422119.2020.1725048.10.1080/15422119.2020.1725048 ↗
25. Gao H, Wang J, Zhang X, Hu M, Xu Q, Xie Y, et al. Confined lamellar channels structured by multilayer graphene for high-efficiency desalination. Desalination. 2022;530:115681. 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115681.10.1016/j.desal.2022.115681 ↗
26. Lim YJ, Ma Y, Chew JW, Wang R. Assessing the potential of highly permeable reverse osmosis membranes for desalination: Specific energy and footprint analysis. Desalination. 2022;533:115771. 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115771.10.1016/j.desal.2022.115771 ↗
27. Joseph S, Aluru NR. Why are carbon nanotubes fast transporters of water? Nano Lett. 2008;8:452–8. 10.1021/nl072385q.10.1021/nl072385q ↗
28. Celebi K, Buchheim J, Wyss RM, Droudian A, Gasser P, Shorubalko I, et al. Ultimate permeation across atomically thin porous graphene. Science (80-). 2014;344:289–92. 10.1126/science.1249097.10.1126/science.1249097 ↗
29. Zhang K, Feng Y, Wang F, Yang Z, Wang J. Two dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN): Synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem C. 2017;5:11992–2022. 10.1039/c7tc04300g.10.1039/C7TC04300G ↗
30. Ma D, Peh SB, Han G, Chen SB. Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporated with super-hydrophilic metal-organic framework (MOF) UiO-66: Toward enhancement of water flux and salt rejection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017;9:7523–34. 10.1021/acsami.6b14223.10.1021/acsami.6b14223 ↗
31. Li Y, Wu Q, Guo X, Zhang M, Chen B, Wei G, et al. Laminated self-standing covalent organic framework membrane with uniformly distributed subnanopores for ionic and molecular sieving. Nat Commun. 2020;11:599. 10.1038/s41467-019-14056-7.10.1038/s41467-019-14056-7 ↗
32. Li MP, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu WL, Huang ZH, Xie F, et al. Hydrophilic yolk-shell ZIF-8 modified polyamide thin-film nanocomposite membrane with improved permeability and selectivity. Sep Purif Technol. 2020;247:116990. 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116990.10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116990 ↗
33. Lim YJ, Goh K, Kurihara M, Wang R. Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis: Current development and future challenges in membrane fabrication – A review. J Memb Sci. 2021;629:119292. 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119292.10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119292 ↗
34. Lim YJ, Goh K, Wang R. The coming of age of water channels for separation membranes: from biological to biomimetic to synthetic. Chem Soc Rev. 2022;51:4537–82. 10.1039/d1cs01061a.10.1039/D1CS01061A ↗
35. Song Z, Niu Y, Yang J, Chen L, Chen J. Comparison of water desalination performance of porous graphene and MoS2 nanosheets. RSC Adv. 2022;12:27641–7. 10.1039/d2ra04544c.10.1039/D2RA04544C ↗
36. He Z, Que W. Molybdenum disulfide nanomaterials: Structures, properties, synthesis and recent progress on hydrogen evolution reaction. Appl Mater Today. 2016;3:23–56. 10.1016/j.apmt.2016.02.001.10.1016/j.apmt.2016.02.001 ↗
37. Sun L, Huang H, Peng X. Laminar MoS2 membranes for molecule separation. Chem Commun. 2013;49:10718–20. 10.1039/c3cc46138j.10.1039/c3cc46136j ↗
38. Wang Z, Tu Q, Zheng S, Urban JJ, Li S, Mi B. Understanding the aqueous stability and filtration capability of MoS2 membranes. Nano Lett. 2017;17:7289–98. 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02804.10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02804 ↗
39. Lu X, Gabinet UR, Ritt CL, Feng X, Deshmukh A, Kawabata K, et al. Relating selectivity and separation performance of lamellar two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) membranes to nanosheet stacking behavior. Environ Sci Technol. 2020;54:9640–51. 10.1021/acs.est.0c02364.10.1021/acs.est.0c02364 ↗
40. Ma MQ, Zhang C, Zhu CY, Huang S, Yang J, Xu ZK. Nanocomposite membranes embedded with functionalized MoS2 nanosheets for enhanced interfacial compatibility and nanofiltration performance. J Memb Sci. 2019;591:117316. 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117316.10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117316 ↗
41. Alecrim V, Zhang R, Hummelgard M, Andres B, Dahlström C, Norgren M, et al. Exfoliated layered materials for digital fabrication. Int Conf Digit Print Technol. 2015;2015(Jan):192–4.10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2015.31.1.art00042_1 ↗
42. Samy O, Zeng S, Birowosuto MD, El Moutaouakil A. A review on MoS2 properties, synthesis, sensing applications and challenges. Crystals. 2021;11:1–24. 10.3390/cryst11040355.10.3390/cryst11040355 ↗
43. Splendiani A, Sun L, Zhang Y, Li T, Kim J, Chim CY, et al. Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 2010;10:1271–5. 10.1021/nl903868w.10.1021/nl903868w ↗
44. Tongay S, Suh J, Ataca C, Fan W, Luce A, Kang JS, et al. Defects activated photoluminescence in two-dimensional semiconductors: Interplay between bound, charged, and free excitons. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2657. 10.1038/srep02657.10.1038/srep02657 ↗
45. Ibrahim Q, Akbarzadeh R, Gharbia S. The electronic properties and water desalination performance of a photocatalytic TiO2/MoS2 nanocomposites bilayer membrane: a molecular dynamic simulation. J Mol Model. 2022;28:61. 10.1007/s00894-022-05053-7.10.1007/s00894-022-05053-7 ↗
46. Wang Z, Mi B. Environmental applications of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51:8229–44. 10.1021/acs.est.7b01466.10.1021/acs.est.7b01466 ↗
47. Ai K, Ruan C, Shen M, Lu L. MoS2 nanosheets with widened interlayer spacing for high-efficiency removal of mercury in aquatic systems. Adv Funct Mater. 2016;26:5542–9. 10.1002/adfm.201601338.10.1002/adfm.201601338 ↗
48. Li Y, Yang S, Zhang K, Van der Bruggen B. Thin film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membrane modified by two dimensional laminar MoS2 with improved desalination performance and fouling-resistant characteristics. Desalination. 2019;454:48–58. 10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.016.10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.016 ↗
49. Waduge P, Bilgin I, Larkin J, Henley RY, Goodfellow K, Graham AC, et al. Direct and scalable deposition of atomically thin low-noise MoS2 membranes on apertures. ACS Nano. 2015;9:7352–9. 10.1021/acsnano.5b02369.10.1021/acsnano.5b02369 ↗
50. Choi W, Choudhary N, Han GH, Park J, Akinwande D, Lee YH. Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications. Mater Today. 2017;20:116–30. 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.10.002.10.1016/j.mattod.2016.10.002 ↗
51. Sun Z, Wang S, Xiong H, Wu K, Shi J. Optimal nanocone geometry for water flow. AIChE J. 2022;68:e17543. 10.1002/aic.17543.10.1002/aic.17543 ↗
52. Huang C, Zhu X, Li Z, Ma X, Li N, Luo J, et al. Molecular insights into geometric and electrophoretic effects on DNA translocation speed through graphene nanoslit sensor. Carbon. 2022;191:415–23. 10.1016/j.carbon.2022.01.068.10.1016/j.carbon.2022.01.068 ↗
53. Liu K, Feng J, Kis A, Radenovic A. Atomically thin molybdenum disulfide nanopores with high sensitivity for dna translocation. ACS Nano. 2014;8:2504–11. 10.1021/nn406102h.10.1021/nn406102h ↗
54. Ossila. Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2): Theory & Applications. Ossila n.d. https://www.ossila.com/pages/molybdenum-disulfide-mos2.
55. Wang G, Zhang G, Ke X, Chen X, Chen X, Wang Y, et al. Direct synthesis of stable 1T-MoS2 doped with Ni single atoms for water splitting in alkaline media. Small. 2022;18:1–12. 10.1002/smll.202107238.10.1002/smll.202107238 ↗
56. Eda G, Fujita T, Yamaguchi H, Voiry D, Chen M, Chhowalla M. Coherent atomic and electronic heterostructures of single-layer MoS2. ACS Nano. 2012;6:7311–7.10.1021/nn302422x ↗
57. Eda G, Yamaguchi H, Voiry D, Fujita T, Chen M, Chhowalla M. Photoluminescence from chemically exfoliated MoS2. Nano Lett. 2011;11:5111–6. 10.1021/nl201874w.10.1021/nl201874w ↗
58. Kalita D, Deuri JK, Sahu P, Manju U. Plasmonic nanostructure integrated two-dimensional materials for optoelectronic devices. J Phys D Appl Phys. 2022;55:243001. 10.1088/1361-6463/ac5191.10.1088/1361-6463/ac5191 ↗
59. Pham PV, Bodepudi SC, Shehzad K, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yu B, et al. 2D heterostructures for ubiquitous electronics and optoelectronics: Principles, opportunities, and challenges. Chem Rev. 2022;122:6514–613. 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00735.10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00735 ↗
60. Abdel Maksoud MIA, Bedir AG, Bekhit M, Abouelela MM, Fahim RA, Awed AS, et al. MoS2-based nanocomposites: Synthesis, structure, and applications in water remediation and energy storage: A review. Environ Chem Lett. 2021;19:3645–81. 10.1007/s10311-021-01268-x.10.1007/s10311-021-01268-x ↗
61. Raybaud P, Hafner J, Kresse G, Kasztelan S, Toulhoat H. Structure, energetics, and electronic properties of the surface of a promoted MoS2 catalyst: An ab initio local density functional study. J Catal. 2000;190:128–43. 10.1006/jcat.1999.2743.10.1006/jcat.1999.2743 ↗
62. Miyake S, Wang M. Nanoprocessing of layered crystalline materials by atomic force microscopy. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2015;10:1–16. 10.1186/s11671-015-0811-9.10.1186/s11671-015-0811-9 ↗
63. Nicolosi V, Chhowalla M, Kanatzidis MG, Strano MS, Coleman JN. Liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science (80-). 2013;340:72–5. 10.1126/science.1226419.10.1126/science.1226419 ↗
64. Samadi M, Sarikhani N, Zirak M, Zhang H, Zhang HL, Moshfegh AZ. Group 6 transition metal dichalcogenide nanomaterials: Synthesis, applications and future perspectives. Nanoscale Horiz. 2018;3:90–204. 10.1039/c7nh00137a.10.1039/C7NH00137A ↗
65. Li C, Wei G, Wang S, Wang Z, Liu M, Zhang J, et al. Two-dimensional coupling: Sb nanoplates embedded in MoS2 nanosheets as efficient anode for advanced sodium ion batteries. Mater Chem Phys. 2018;211:375–81. 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.03.010.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.03.010 ↗
66. Vignesh, Kaushik S, Tiwari UK, Choubey RK, Singh K, Sinha RK. Study of sonication assisted synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. Mater Today Proc. 2020;21:1969–75. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.313.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.313 ↗
67. Sapkota B, Liang W, VahidMohammadi A, Karnik R, Noy A, Wanunu M. High permeability sub-nanometre sieve composite MoS2 membranes. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2747. 10.1038/s41467-020-16577-y.10.1038/s41467-020-16577-y ↗
68. Yao Y, Lin Z, Li Z, Song X, Moon KS, Wong CP. Large-scale production of two-dimensional nanosheets. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:13494–9. 10.1039/c2jm30587a.10.1039/c2jm30587a ↗
69. Varrla E, Backes C, Paton KR, Harvey A, Gholamvand Z, McCauley J, et al. Large-scale production of size-controlled MoS2 nanosheets by shear exfoliation. Chem Mater. 2015;27:1129–39. 10.1021/cm5044864.10.1021/cm5044864 ↗
70. Abal JPK, Bordin JR, Barbosa MC. Salt parameterization can drastically affect the results from classical atomistic simulations of water desalination by MoS2 nanopores. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2020;22:11053–61. 10.1039/d0cp00484g.10.1039/D0CP00484G ↗
71. Deng Y, Chen W, Li B, Wang C, Kuang T, Li Y. Physical vapor deposition technology for coated cutting tools: A review. Ceram Int. 2020;46:18373–90. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.168.10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.04.168 ↗
72. Ma D, Shi J, Ji Q, Chen K, Yin J, Lin Y, et al. A universal etching-free transfer of MoS2 films for applications in photodetectors. Nano Res. 2015;8:3662–72. 10.1007/s12274-015-0866-z.10.1007/s12274-015-0866-z ↗
73. Zhan Y, Liu Z, Najmaei S, Ajayan PM, Lou J. Large-area vapor-phase growth and characterization of MoS2 atomic layers on a SiO2 substrate. Small. 2012;8:966–71. 10.1002/smll.201102654.10.1002/smll.201102654 ↗
74. Lin YC, Zhang W, Huang JK, Liu KK, Lee YH, Liang CT, et al. Wafer-scale MoS2 thin layers prepared by MoO3 sulfurization. Nanoscale. 2012;4:6637–41. 10.1039/c2nr31833d.10.1039/c2nr31833d ↗
75. Liu KK, Zhang W, Lee YH, Lin YC, Chang MT, Su CY, et al. Growth of large-area and highly crystalline MoS2 thin layers on insulating substrates. Nano Lett. 2012;12:1538–44. 10.1021/nl2043612.10.1021/nl2043612 ↗
76. Choi SH, Stephen B, Park JH, Lee JS, Kim SM, Yang W, et al. Water-assisted synthesis of molybdenum disulfide film with single organic liquid precursor. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1983. 10.1038/s41598-017-02228-8.10.1038/s41598-017-02228-8 ↗
77. Zhu L, Yang P, Huan Y, Pan S, Zhang Z, Cui F, et al. Scalable salt-templated directed synthesis of high-quality MoS2 nanosheets powders towards energetic and environmental applications. Nano Res. 2020;13:3098–104. 10.1007/s12274-020-2979-2.10.1007/s12274-020-2979-2 ↗
78. Oviroh PO, Akbarzadeh R, Pan D, Coetzee RAM, Jen TC. New development of atomic layer deposition: processes, methods and applications. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2019;20:465–96. 10.1080/14686996.2019.1599694.10.1080/14686996.2019.1599694 ↗
79. Wang F, Li G, Zheng J, Ma J, Yang C, Wang Q. Hydrothermal synthesis of flower-like molybdenum disulfide microspheres and their application in electrochemical supercapacitors. RSC Adv. 2018;8:38945–54. 10.1039/c8ra04350g.10.1039/C8RA04350G ↗
80. Kim SJ, Kang MA, Kim SH, Lee Y, Song W, Myung S, et al. Large-scale growth and simultaneous doping of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets. Sci Rep. 2016;6:24054. 10.1038/srep24054.10.1038/srep24054 ↗
81. Joseph N, Shafi PM, Bose AC. Recent advances in 2D-MoS2 and its composite nanostructures for supercapacitor electrode application. Energy Fuels. 2020;34:6558–97. 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c00430.10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c00430 ↗
82. Huang Y, Liu L. Recent progress in atomic layer deposition of molybdenum disulfide: a mini review. Sci China Mater. 2019;62:913–24. 10.1007/s40843-018-9403-8.10.1007/s40843-018-9403-8 ↗
83. Han JT, Jang JI, Kim H, Hwang JY, Yoo HK, Woo JS, et al. Extremely efficient liquid exfoliation and dispersion of layered materials by unusual acoustic cavitation. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5133. 10.1038/srep05133.10.1038/srep05133 ↗
84. Nguyen EP, Carey BJ, Daeneke T, Ou JZ, Latham K, Zhuiykov S, et al. Investigation of two-solvent grinding-assisted liquid phase exfoliation of layered MoS2. Chem Mater. 2015;27:53–9. 10.1021/cm502915f.10.1021/cm502915f ↗
85. Lin Z, Liu Y, Halim U, Ding M, Liu Y, Wang Y, et al. Solution-processable 2D semiconductors for high-performance large-area electronics. Nature. 2018;562:254–8. 10.1038/s41586-018-0574-4.10.1038/s41586-018-0574-4 ↗
86. Feng Q, Mao N, Wu J, Xu H, Wang C, Zhang J, et al. Growth of MoS2(1-x)Se2x (x = 0.41–1.00) monolayer alloys with controlled morphology by physical vapor deposition. ACS Nano. 2015;9:7450–5. 10.1021/acsnano.5b02506.10.1021/acsnano.5b02506 ↗
87. Najmaei S, Liu Z, Zhou W, Zou X, Shi G, Lei S, et al. Vapour phase growth and grain boundary structure of molybdenum disulphide atomic layers. Nat Mater. 2013;12:754–9. 10.1038/nmat3673.10.1038/nmat3673 ↗
88. Wang S, Rong Y, Fan Y, Pacios M, Bhaskaran H, He K, et al. Shape evolution of monolayer MoS2 crystals grown by chemical vapor deposition. Chem Mater. 2014;26:6371–9. 10.1021/cm5025662.10.1021/cm5025662 ↗
89. Yang J, Liu L. Trickle flow aided atomic layer deposition (ALD) strategy for ultrathin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) synthesis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11:36270–7. 10.1021/acsami.9b12023.10.1021/acsami.9b12023 ↗
90. Kumar S, Duesberg GS, Pratap R, Raghavan S. Graphene field emission devices. Appl Phys Lett. 2014;105. 10.1063/1.4895022.10.1063/1.4895022 ↗
91. Heiranian M, Farimani AB, Aluru NR. Water desalination with a single-layer MoS2 nanopore. Nat Commun. 2015;6:0–5. 10.1038/ncomms9616.10.1038/ncomms9616 ↗
92. Kou J, Yao J, Wu L, Zhou X, Lu H, Wu F, et al. Nanoporous two-dimensional MoS2 membranes for fast saline solution purification. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016;18:22210–6. 10.1039/c6cp01967f.10.1039/C6CP01967F ↗
93. Inoue A, Komori T, Shudo KI. Atomic-scale structures and electronic states of defects on Ar+-ion irradiated MoS2. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom. 2013;189:11–8. 10.1016/j.elspec.2012.12.005.10.1016/j.elspec.2012.12.005 ↗
94. Feng J, Graf M, Liu K, Ovchinnikov D, Dumcenco D, Heiranian M, et al. Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators. Nature. 2016;536:197–200. 10.1038/nature18593.10.1038/nature18593 ↗
95. Zhou W, Zou X, Najmaei S, Liu Z, Shi Y, Kong J, et al. Intrinsic structural defects in monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Nano Lett. 2013;13:2615–22. 10.1021/nl4007479.10.1021/nl4007479 ↗
96. Kim JS, Yoo HW, Choi HO, Jung HT. Tunable volatile organic compounds sensor by using thiolated ligand conjugation on MoS2. Nano Lett. 2014;14:5941–7. 10.1021/nl502906a.10.1021/nl502906a ↗
97. Feng J, Liu K, Graf M, Lihter M, Bulushev RD, Dumcenco D, et al. Electrochemical reaction in single layer MoS2: Nanopores opened atom by atom. Nano Lett. 2015;15:3431–8. 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00768.10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00768 ↗
98. Liu G, Jin W, Xu N. Two-dimensional-material membranes: A new family of high-performance separation membranes. Angew Chemie Int Ed. 2016;55:13384–97. 10.1002/anie.201600438.10.1002/anie.201600438 ↗
99. Thiruraman JP, Fujisawa K, Danda G, Das PM, Zhang T, Bolotsky A, et al. Angstrom-size defect creation and ionic transport through pores in single-layer MoS2. Nano Lett. 2018;18:1651–9. 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04526.10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04526 ↗
100. Xu GR, Xu JM, Su HC, Liu XY, Lu-Li, Zhao HL, et al. Two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous membranes with sub-nanopores in reverse osmosis desalination: Latest developments and future directions. Desalination. 2019;451:18–34. 10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.024.10.1016/j.desal.2017.09.024 ↗