Therapeutic strategies and potential implications of silver nanoparticles in the management of skin cancer
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Skin cancer (SC) is the most common carcinoma affecting 3 million people annually in the United States and millions of people worldwide. It is classified as melanoma SC (MSC) and non-melanoma SC (NMSC). NMSC represents approximately 80% of SC and includes squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. MSC, however, has a higher mortality rate than SC because of its ability to metastasize. SC is a major health problem in the United States with significant morbidity and mortality in the Caucasian population. Treatment options for SC include cryotherapy, excisional surgery, Mohs surgery, curettage and electrodessication, radiation therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment is chosen based on the type of SC and the potential for side effects. Novel targeted therapies are being used with increased frequency for large tumors and for metastatic disease. A scoping literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cancer Registry websites revealed that traditional chemotherapeutic drugs have little effect against SC after the cancer has metastasized. Following an overview of SC biology, epidemiology, and treatment options, this review focuses on the mechanisms of advanced technologies that use silver nanoparticles in SC treatment regimens.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications · Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Biology, Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University , Jackson , MS 39217 , United States of America
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University , 1610 S. Martin Luther King Blvd , Tallahassee , FL 32307 , United States of America
Department of Dermatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center , 2500N. State Street , Jackson , MS 39216 , United States of America
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Jou PC, Tomecki KJ. Sunscreens in the United States: current status and future outlook. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;26:464–84.10.1007/978-1-4939-0437-2_26 ↗
2. Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49:978–86. 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x.10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x ↗
3. Marks R. Epidemiology of melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:459–63. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00693.x.10.1046/j.1365-2230.2000.00693.x ↗
4. Leiter U, Eigentler T, Garbe C. Epidemiology of skin cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;44–55. 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1788-4.00005-8.10.1007/978-1-4939-0437-2_7 ↗
5. Apalla Z, Nashan D, Weller RB, Castellsagué X. Skin cancer: epidemiology, disease burden, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches. Dermatol Ther (Heidelberg). 2017;7:5–19. 10.1007/s13555-016-0165-y.10.1007/s13555-016-0165-y ↗
6. Wehner MR, Shive ML, Chren MM, Han J, Qureshi AA, Linos E. Indoor tanning and non-melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e5909. 10.1136/bmj.e5909.10.1136/bmj.e5909 ↗
7. Institute NNC. Cancer facts & figures 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2020/cancer-facts-and-figures-2020.pdf.
8. Kanitakis J. Anatomy, histology and immunohistochemistry of normal human skin. Eur J Dermatol. 2002;12(4):390–401.
9. Miller AJ, Mihm MC. Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:51–65. 10.1056/NEJMra052166.10.1056/NEJMra052166 ↗
10. Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:1155–228. 10.1152/physrev.00044.2003.10.1152/physrev.00044.2003 ↗
11. Gray-Schopfer V, Wellbrock C, Marais R. Melanoma biology and new targeted therapy. Nature. 2007;445:851–7. 10.1038/nature05661.10.1038/nature05661 ↗
12. Haass NK, Smalley KSM, Herlyn M. The role of altered cell-cell communication in melanoma progression. J Mol Histol. 2004;35:309–18. 10.1023/B:HIJO.0000032362.35354.bb.10.1023/B:HIJO.0000032362.35354.bb ↗
13. Flohil SC, Seubring I, Van Rossum MM, Coebergh JWW, De Vries E, Nijsten T. Trends in basal cell carcinoma incidence rates: a 37-year Dutch observational study. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:913–8. 10.1038/jid.2012.431.10.1038/jid.2012.431 ↗
14. Miller SJ. Biology of basal cell carcinoma (part I). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:1–13. 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70001-I.10.1016/0190-9622(91)70001-I ↗
15. Celebi ARC, Kiratli H, Soylemezoglu F. Evaluation of the ‘Hedgehog’ signaling pathways in squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the eyelids and conjunctiva. Oncol Lett. 2016;12:467–72. 10.3892/ol.2016.4625.10.3892/ol.2016.4625 ↗
16. Nindl I, Gottschling M, Stockfleth E. Human papillomaviruses and non-melanoma skin cancer: basic virology and clinical manifestations. Dis Markers. 2007;23:247–59. 10.1155/2007/942650.10.1155/2007/942650 ↗
17. Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Harris AR, Hinckley MR, Feldman SR, Fleischer AB, et al. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol. 2010;146:283–7. 10.1001/archdermatol.2010.19.10.1001/archdermatol.2010.19 ↗
18. Herzberg AJ, Kerns BJ, Honkanen FA, Pence JC, Iglehart JD, Kinney RB. DNA ploidy and proliferation index of soft tissue sarcomas determined by image cytometry of fresh frozen tissue. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992;97:S29–37.
19. Alam M, Ratner D. Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:975–83. 10.1056/NEJM200103293441306.10.1056/NEJM200103293441306 ↗
20. Rehman I, Takata M, Wu YY, Rees JL. Genetic change in actinic keratoses. Oncogene. 1996;12:2483.
21. Boukamp P. Non-melanoma skin cancer: what drives tumor development and progression? Carcinogenesis. 2005;26:1657–67. 10.1093/carcin/bgi123.10.1093/carcin/bgi123 ↗
22. Arora S, Tyagi N, Bhardwaj A, Rusu L, Palanki R, Vig K, et al. Silver nanoparticles protect human keratinocytes against UVB radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis: potential for prevention of skin carcinogenesis. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2015;11:1265–75. 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.024.10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.024 ↗
23. Eide MJ, Krajenta R, Johnson D, Long JJ, Jacobsen G, Asgari MM, et al. Identification of patients with nonmelanoma skin cancer using health maintenance organization claims data. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:123–8. 10.1093/aje/kwp352.10.1093/aje/kwp352 ↗
24. Wadhera A, Fazio M, Bricca G, Stanton O. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: a case report and literature review. How accurate is our incidence data? Dermatol Online J. 2006;12.10.5070/D313V4J8VJ ↗
25. Hemminki K, Zhang H, Czene K. Time trends and familial risks in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol. 2003;168:501–7. 10.1001/archderm.139.7.885.10.1001/archderm.139.7.885 ↗
26. Qureshi AA, Laden F, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ. Geographic variation and risk of skin cancer in US women: differences between melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:501. 10.1001/archinte.168.5.501.10.1001/archinte.168.5.501 ↗
27. Moloney FJ, Comber H, O’Lorcain P, O’Kelly P, Conlon PJ, Murphy GM. A population-based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:498–504. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07021.x.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07021.x ↗
28. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW, Polsky D. ABCDE – an evolving concept in the early detection of melanoma. Arch Dermatol. 2005;141:1032–4. 10.1001/archderm.141.8.1032.10.1001/archderm.141.8.1032 ↗
29. Zaharna M, Brodell RT. It’s time for a “change” in our approach to early detection of malignant melanoma. Clin Dermatol. 2003;21:456–8. 10.1016/S0738-081X(03)00058-0.10.1016/S0738-081X(03)00058-0 ↗
30. De Braud F, Khayat D, Kroon BBR, Valdagni R, Bruzzi P, Cascinelli N. Malignant melanoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;47:35–63. 10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00077-X.10.1016/S1040-8428(02)00077-X ↗
31. Greene MH, Elder DE, Guerry D, Epstein MN, Greene MH, Van Horn M. A study of tumor progression: the precursor lesions of superficial spreading and nodular melanoma. Hum Pathol. 1984;15:1147–65. 10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80310-X.10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80310-X ↗
32. Arons MS. The surgical treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Yale J Biol Med. 1975;48:417.
33. Vantuchová Y, Čuřík R. Histological types of basal cell carcinoma. Scr Medica Fac Medicae Univ Brun Masaryk. 2006;7:261–70.
34. Rippey JJ. Why classify basal cell carcinomas? Histopathology. 1998;32:393–8. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00431.x.10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00431.x ↗
35. Marur S, Forastiere AA. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91:386–96. 10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.12.017.10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.12.017 ↗
36. Guenthner ST, Hurwitz RM, Buckel LJ, Gray HR. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas consistently show histologic evidence of in situ changes: a clinicopathologic correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41:443–8. 10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70119-2.10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70119-2 ↗
37. Drake LA, Ceilley RI, Cornelison RL, Dobes WA, Dorner W, Goltz RW, et al. Guidelines of care for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28:628–31. 10.1016/S0190-9622(08)81782-3.10.1016/S0190-9622(08)81782-3 ↗
38. Martinez JC, Otley CC. The management of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review for the primary care physician. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76:1253–65. 10.4065/76.12.1253.10.4065/76.12.1253 ↗
39. Rosen S. The meaning of surgical margins. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;73:497. 10.1097/00006534-198403000-00031.10.1097/00006534-198403000-00031 ↗
40. Cook J, Zitelli JA. Mohs micrographic surgery: a cost analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:698–703. 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70041-6.10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70041-6 ↗
41. Kwa RE, Campana K, Moy RL. Biology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26:1–26. 10.1016/0190-9622(92)70001-V.10.1016/0190-9622(92)70001-V ↗
42. Etzkorn JR, Sobanko JF, Shin TM, Elenitsas R, Chu EY, Gelfand JM, et al. Correlation between appropriate use criteria and the frequency of subclinical spread or reconstruction with a flap or graft for melanomas treated with Mohs surgery with melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 immunostaining. Dermatol Surg. 2016;42:471–6. 10.1097/DSS.0000000000000693.10.1097/DSS.0000000000000693 ↗
43. Graham GF, Clark LC. Statistical analysis in cryosurgery of skin cancer. Clin Dermatol. 1990;8:101–7. 10.1016/0738-081X(90)90072-9.10.1016/0738-081X(90)90072-9 ↗
44. Tse DT, Kersten RC, Anderson RL. Hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation therapy in managing nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome: a preliminary report. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:990. 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030792018.10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030792018 ↗
45. Sacchini V, Melloni E, Marchesini R, Luini A, Bandieramonte G, Spinelli P, et al. Preliminary clinical studies with PDT by topical TPPS administration in neoplastic skin lesions. Lasers Surg Med. 1987;7:6–11. 10.1002/lsm.1900070103.10.1002/lsm.1900070103 ↗
46. Kessel D. Components of hematoporphyrin derivatives and their tumor-localizing capacity. Cancer Res. 1982;42:1703–6.
47. Chakrabarty A, Geisse JK. Medical therapies for non-melanoma skin cancer. Clin Dermatol. 2004;22:183–8. 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.005.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2003.12.005 ↗
48. Niles RM. Recent advances in the use of vitamin A (retinoids) in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Nutrition. 2000;16:1084–9. 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00436-6.10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00436-6 ↗
49. Lippman SM, Kessler JF, Meyskens FL. Retinoids as preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents (Part I). Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71:391–405.
50. Miller SJ. Biology of basal cell carcinoma (Part II). J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:161–75. 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70022-T.10.1016/0190-9622(91)70022-T ↗
51. Martin GM, Stockfleth E. Diclofenac sodium 3% gel for the management of actinic keratosis: 10+ years of cumulative evidence of efficacy and safety. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:600–8.
52. Wilgus TA, Koki AT, Zweifel BS, Rubal PA, Oberyszyn TM. Chemotherapeutic efficacy of topical celecoxib in a murine model of ultraviolet light B-induced skin cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2003;38:33–9. 10.1002/mc.10142.10.1002/mc.10142 ↗
53. Olszanski AJ. Current and future roles of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in advanced melanoma. J Manag Care Pharm. 2014;20:346–56. 10.18553/jmcp.2014.20.4.346.10.18553/jmcp.2014.20.4.346 ↗
54. Amiri KI, Horton LW, LaFleur BJ, Sosman JA, Richmond A. Augmenting chemosensitivity of malignant melanoma tumors via proteasome inhibition: implication for bortezomib (VELCADE, PS-341) as a therapeutic agent for malignant melanoma. Cancer Res. 2004;64:4912–8. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0673.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0673 ↗
55. Chang ALS, Solomon JA, Hainsworth JD, Goldberg L, McKenna E, Day B, et al. Expanded access study of patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma treated with the hedgehog pathway inhibitor, vismodegib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:60–9. 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.012.10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.012 ↗
56. Kim DJ, Kim J, Spaunhurst K, Montoya J, Khodosh R, Chandra K, et al. Open-label, exploratory phase II trial of oral itraconazole for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:745–51. 10.1200/JCO.2013.49.9525.10.1200/JCO.2013.49.9525 ↗
57. Migden MR, Guminski A, Gutzmer R, Dirix L, Lewis KD, Combemale P, et al. Treatment with two different doses of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BOLT): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:716–28. 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70100-2.10.1016/S1470-2045(15)70100-2 ↗
58. Gellrich FF, Hüning S, Beissert S, Eigentler T, Stockfleth E, Gutzmer R, et al. Medical treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33:38–43. 10.1111/jdv.16024.10.1111/jdv.16024 ↗
59. Migden MR, Rischin D, Schmults CD, Guminski A, Hauschild A, Lewis KD, et al. PD-1 blockade with cemiplimab in advanced cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:341–51. 10.1056/NEJMoa1805131.
60. Alpsoy E, Yilmaz E, Başaran E, Yazar Ş. Comparison of the effects of intralesional interferon alfa-2a, 2b and the combination of 2a and 2b in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol. 1996;23:394–6. 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1996.tb04040.x.10.1111/j.1346-8138.1996.tb04040.x ↗
61. Stanley MA. Imiquimod and the imidazoquinolones: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27:571–7. 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.01151.x.10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.01151.x ↗
62. Isaacs JD, Manna VK, Rapson N, Bulpitt KJ, Hazleman BL, Matteson EL, et al. Campath-1H in rheumatoid arthritis – an intravenous dose-ranging study. Revmatologiia. 1996;35:231–40. 10.1093/rheumatology/35.3.231.10.1093/rheumatology/35.3.231 ↗
63. Lupu I, Voiculescu VM, Bacalbasa N, Prie BE, Cojocaru I, Giurcaneanu C. Cutaneous adverse reactions specific to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. J Med Life. 2015;8:57.
64. Marzuka AG, Book SE. Basal cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88:167–79.
65. Fuller CJ, Faulkner H, Bendich A, Parker RS, Roe DA. Effect of β-carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in normal young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:684–90. 10.1093/ajcn/56.4.684.10.1093/ajcn/56.4.684 ↗
66. Dreher F, Gabard B, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Topical melatonin in combination with vitamins E and C protects skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema: a human study in vivo. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139:332–9. 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02447.x.10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02447.x ↗
67. Gupta S, Gupta S, Jindal N, Jindal A, Bansal R. Nanocarriers and nanoparticles for skin care and dermatological treatments. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4:267. 10.4103/2229-5178.120635.10.4103/2229-5178.120635 ↗
68. Hadgraft J. Skin, the final frontier. Int J Pharm. 2001;224:1–18. 10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00731-1.10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00731-1 ↗
69. Guterres SS, Alves MP, Pohlmann AR. Polymeric nanoparticles, nanospheres and nanocapsules, for cutaneous applications. Drug Target Insights. 2007;2:117739280700200. 10.1177/117739280700200002.10.1177/117739280700200002 ↗
70. Knorr F, Lademann J, Patzelt A, Sterry W, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Follicular transport route – research progress and future perspectives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;71:173–80. 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.001.10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.001 ↗
71. Nasir A. Nanodermatology: a bright glimpse just beyond the horizon – part I. Skin Ther Lett. 2010;15:1–4.
72. Prow TW, Grice JE, Lin LL, Faye R, Butler M, Becker W, et al. Nanoparticles and microparticles for skin drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2011;63:470–91. 10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.012.10.1016/j.addr.2011.01.012 ↗
73. Souza JG, Gelfuso GM, Simão PS, Borges AC, Lopez RFV. Iontophoretic transport of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid as a tool to improve drug topical delivery. Anticancer Drugs. 2011;22:783–93. 10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283468979.10.1097/CAD.0b013e3283468979 ↗
74. Williams AC, Barry BW. Penetration enhancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:603–18. 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.025.10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.025 ↗
75. Dianzani C, Zara GP, Maina G, Pettazzoni P, Pizzimenti S, Rossi F, et al. Drug delivery nanoparticles in skin cancers. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:1–13. 10.1155/2014/895986.10.1155/2014/895986 ↗
76. Shubayev VI, Pisanic TR, Jin S. Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61:467–77. 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007.10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007 ↗
77. Misak H, Zacharias N, Song Z, Hwang S, Man KP, Asmatulu R, et al. Skin cancer treatment by albumin/5-Fu loaded magnetic nanocomposite spheres in a mouse model. J Biotechnol. 2013;164:130–6. 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.01.003.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.01.003 ↗
78. Primo FL, Rodrigues MMA, Simioni AR, Bentley MVLB, Morais PC, Tedesco AC. In vitro studies of cutaneous retention of magnetic nanoemulsion loaded with zinc phthalocyanine for synergic use in skin cancer treatment. J Magn Magn Mater. 2008;320:e211–4. 10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.02.050.10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.02.050 ↗
79. Dorjsuren B, Chaurasiya B, Ye Z, Liu Y, Li W, Wang C, et al. Cetuximab-coated thermo-sensitive liposomes loaded with magnetic nanoparticles and doxorubicin for targeted egfr-expressing breast cancer combined therapy. Int J Nanomed. 2020;15:8201–15. 10.2147/IJN.S261671.10.2147/IJN.S261671 ↗
80. Akbarzadeh A, Rezaei-Sadabady R, Davaran S, Joo SW, Zarghami N, Hanifehpour Y, et al. Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2013;8:102. 10.1186/1556-276X-8-102.10.1186/1556-276X-8-102 ↗
81. Lukyanov AN, Elbayoumi TA, Chakilam AR, Torchilin VP. Tumor-targeted liposomes: doxorubicin-loaded long-circulating liposomes modified with anti-cancer antibody. J Control Rel. 2004;100:135–44. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.007.10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.007 ↗
82. Barenholz Y. Liposome application: problems and prospects. Curr Opin Colloid Interf Sci. 2001;6:66–77. 10.1016/S1359-0294(00)00090-X.10.1016/S1359-0294(00)00090-X ↗
83. Lasic DD. Liposomes in gene delivery. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2019. 10.1201/9780138748807.10.1201/9780138748807 ↗
84. Krieger ML, Eckstein N, Schneider V, Koch M, Royer HD, Jaehde U, et al. Overcoming cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells by targeted liposomes in vitro. Int J Pharm. 2010;389:10–7. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.061.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.061 ↗
85. Abu Lila AS, Doi Y, Nakamura K, Ishida T, Kiwada H. Sequential administration with oxaliplatin-containing PEG-coated cationic liposomes promotes a significant delivery of subsequent dose into murine solid tumor. J Control Rel. 2010;142:167–73. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.020.10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.020 ↗
86. Watanabe M, Kawano K, Toma K, Hattori Y, Maitani Y. In vivo antitumor activity of camptothecin incorporated in liposomes formulated with an artificial lipid and human serum albumin. J Control Rel. 2008;127:231–8. 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.02.005.10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.02.005 ↗
87. Kitagawa S, Kasamaki M. Enhanced delivery of retinoic acid to skin by cationic liposomes. Chem Pharm Bull. 2006;54:242–4. 10.2322/jjsass.54.242.10.1248/cpb.54.242 ↗
88. El Zaafarany GM, Awad GAS, Holayel SM, Mortada ND. Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm. 2010;397:164–72. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034 ↗
89. Yarosh D, Klein J, O’Connor A, Hawk J, Rafal E, Wolf P. Effect of topically applied T4 endonuclease V in liposomes on skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum: a randomised study. Lancet. 2001;357:926–9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04214-8.10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04214-8 ↗
90. Farcas CG, Dehelean C, Pinzaru IA, Mioc M, Socoliuc V, Moaca EA, et al. Thermosensitive betulinic acid-loaded magnetoliposomes: a promising antitumor potential for highly aggressive human breast adenocarcinoma cells under hyperthermic conditions. Int J Nanomed. 2020;15:8175–8200. 10.2147/IJN.S269630.10.2147/IJN.S269630 ↗
91. Rancan F, Papakostas D, Hadam S, Hackbarth S, Delair T, Primard C, et al. Investigation of polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for local dermatotherapy. Pharm Res. 2009;26:2027–36. 10.1007/s11095-009-9919-x.10.1007/s11095-009-9919-x ↗
92. Tupal A, Sabzichi M, Ramezani F, Kouhsoltani M, Hamishehkar H. Dermal delivery of doxorubicin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for the treatment of skin cancer. J Microencapsul. 2016;33:372–80. 10.1080/02652048.2016.1200150.10.1080/02652048.2016.1200150 ↗
93. Geetha T, Kapila M, Prakash O, Deol PK, Kakkar V, Kaur IP. Sesamol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for treatment of skin cancer. J Drug Target. 2015;23:159–69. 10.3109/1061186X.2014.965717.10.3109/1061186X.2014.965717 ↗
94. Rigon RB, Fachinetti N, Severino P, Santana MHA, Chorilli M. Skin delivery and in vitro biological evaluation of trans-Resveratrol-Loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for skin disorder therapies. Molecules. 2016;21:116. 10.3390/molecules21010116.10.3390/molecules21010116 ↗
95. Goto PL, Siqueira-Moura MP, Tedesco AC. Application of aluminum chloride phthalocyanine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for photodynamic inactivation of melanoma cells. Int J Pharm. 2017;518:228–41. 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.004.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.004 ↗
96. Morton CA, Szeimies RM, Sidoroff A, Braathen LR. European guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy part 2: emerging indications – field cancerization, photorejuvenation and inflammatory/infective dermatoses. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27:672–9. 10.1111/jdv.12026.10.1111/jdv.12026 ↗
97. Jang MS, Doh KS, Kang JS, Jeon YS, Suh KS, Kim ST. A comparative split-face study of photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green and indole-3-acetic acid for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165:1095–1100. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10472.x.10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10472.x ↗
98. Yang SJ, Shieh MJ, Lin FH, Lou PJ, Peng CL, Wei MF, et al. Colorectal cancer cell detection by 5-aminolaevulinic acid-loaded chitosan nano-particles. Cancer Lett. 2009;273:210–20. 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.014.10.1016/j.canlet.2008.08.014 ↗
99. Li Y, Zhang W, Niu J, Chen Y. Surface-coating-dependent dissolution, aggregation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of silver nanoparticles under different irradiation conditions. Env Sci Technol. 2013;47:10293–301. 10.1021/es400945v.10.1021/es400945v ↗
100. Rejiya CS, Kumar J, Raji V, Vibin M, Abraham A. Laser immunotherapy with gold nanorods causes selective killing of tumour cells. Pharmacol Res. 2012;65:261–9. 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.10.005.10.1016/j.phrs.2011.10.005 ↗