Halloysite nanotube enhanced polyurethane nanocomposites for advanced electroinsulating applications
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Halloysite nanotubes (HNT), as naturally occurring anisotropic nanofillers, were incorporated into a commercial two-component (2C) polyurethane (PU) system to develop multifunctional nanocomposites for electroinsulating applications. The nanocomposites were prepared via the method of direct dispersion. Dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties were systematically analyzed at weight concentrations of 2 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% of HNT in the PU matrix. At 5 wt% HNT, an optimal balance was observed: volume resistivity increased nearly 17-fold, dielectric permittivity was enhanced through Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars interfacial polarization, and thermal conductivity rose modestly while maintaining high mechanical integrity. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy, modeled using the Havriliak–Negami function, showed broadened relaxation dynamics associated with filler–matrix interfaces. Incorporation of 10 wt% HNT caused agglomeration, reducing property uniformity. The results demonstrate that controlled integration of HNT into cold-curing 2C PU systems yields cost-effective, sustainable, and high-performance nanodielectrics, advancing their potential use in high-voltage insulation, aerospace encapsulation, and battery module safety.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Clay minerals and soil interactions · Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications · Polymer composites and self-healing
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology , University of Žilina , Univerzitná 8215/1 , Žilina , Slovak Republic
Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics , Technical University of Košice , Park Komenského 2 , Košice , Slovak Republic
VUKI a. s., Electroinsulating Resins and Varnishes , Pri majeri 1, 831 07 , Bratislava 36 , Slovak Republic
Funding
This research was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency
References (71)
Show source-provided references
1. Bertolino, V, Cavallaro, G, Milioto, S, Parisi, F, Lazzara, G. Thermal properties of multilayer nanocomposites based on halloysite nanotubes and biopolymers. J Compos Sci 2018;2:41. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs2030041.10.3390/jcs2030041 ↗
2. Kushwaha, SKS, Kushwaha, N, Pandey, P, Fatma, B. Halloysite nanotubes for nanomedicine: prospects, challenges and applications. BioNanoScience 2021;11:200–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-020-00801-6.10.1007/s12668-020-00801-6 ↗
3. Chen, S, Yang, S, Chen, S, Zuo, F, Wang, P, Li, Y, et al.. Polyarylene ether nitrile dielectric films modified by HNTs@PDA hybrids for high-temperature resistant organic electronics field. Nanotechnol Rev 2023;12:20230117. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2023-0117.10.1515/ntrev-2023-0117 ↗
4. Iroegbu, AOC, Ray, SS. Recent developments and future perspectives of biorenewable nanocomposites for advanced applications. Nanotechnol Rev 2022;11:1696–721. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0105.10.1515/ntrev-2022-0105 ↗
5. Cheng, C, Song, W, Zhao, Q, Zhang, H. Halloysite nanotubes in polymer science: purification, characterization, modification and applications. Nanotechnol Rev 2020;9:323–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0024.10.1515/ntrev-2020-0024 ↗
6. Hornak, J, Kadlec, P, Polanský, R. Halloysite nanotubes as an additive to ensure enhanced characteristics of cold-curing epoxy resins under fire conditions. Polymers 2020;12:1881. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12091881.10.3390/polym12091881 ↗
7. Khan, ZI, Mohsin, MEA, Habib, U, Mousa, S, Hossain, SS, Ali, SS, et al.. Enhanced mechanical and thermal performance of sustainable RPET/PA-11/Joncryl® nanocomposites reinforced with halloysite nanotubes. Polymers 2025;17:1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17111433.10.3390/polym17111433 ↗
8. Lapčík, L, Sepetcioğlu, H, Murtaja, Y, Lapčíková, B, Vašina, M, Ovsík, M, et al.. Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites. Nanotechnol Rev 2023;12:20220520. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0520.10.1515/ntrev-2022-0520 ↗
9. Fahimizadeh, M, Wong, LW, Baifa, Z, Sadjadi, S, Auckloo, SAB, Palaniandy, K, et al.. Halloysite clay nanotubes: innovative applications by smart systems. Appl Clay Sci 2024;251:107319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107319.10.1016/j.clay.2024.107319 ↗
10. Kim, W, Yoon, G, Kim, J, Jeong, H, Kim, Y, Choi, H, et al.. Thermally-curable nanocomposite printing for the scalable manufacturing of dielectric metasurfaces. Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2022;8:73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-022-00403-0.10.1038/s41378-022-00403-0 ↗
11. Zare, Y, Munir, MT, Rhee, KY. Tensile modulus of polymer halloysite nanotubes nanocomposites assuming stress transferring through an imperfect interphase. Sci Rep 2024;14:23219. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73871-1.10.1038/s41598-024-73871-1 ↗
12. Chen, J, Shen, Z, Zhao, Y, Liu, X, Chen, F, Liu, J. Aligning halloysite nanotubes in elastomer toward flexible film with enhanced dielectric constant. Compos Commun 2024;52:102140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2024.102140.10.1016/j.coco.2024.102140 ↗
13. Thomas, J, Thomas, PS, Stephen, R. Improved mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of halloysite nanotubes and nanocellulose incorporated PVA-PEO films: for food packaging applications. Food Packag Shelf Life 2024;46:101373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fpsl.2024.101373.10.1016/j.fpsl.2024.101373 ↗
14. Habib, U, Khan, ZI, Mohamad, ZB. Compatibility and miscibility of recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 blends with and without joncryl® compatibilizer: a comprehensive study of mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties. Iran Polym J (Engl Ed) 2024;33:1313–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-024-01357-y.10.1007/s13726-024-01357-y ↗
15. Yousefi, MA, Rahmatabadi, D, Baniassadi, M, Bodaghi, M, Baghani, M. 4D printing of multifunctional and biodegradable PLA-PBAT-Fe3O4 nanocomposites with supreme mechanical and shape memory properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024;46:2400661. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.202400661.10.1002/marc.202400661 ↗
16. Rahmatabadi, D, Yousefi, MA, Shamsolhodaei, S, Baniassadi, M, Abrinia, K, Bodaghi, M, et al.. 4D printing of polyethylene glycol-grafted carbon nanotube-reinforced polyvinyl chloride–polycaprolactone composites for enhanced shape recovery and thermomechanical performance. Adv Intell Syst 2025;7:2500113. https://doi.org/10.1002/aisy.202500113.10.1002/aisy.202500113 ↗
17. Yang, M, Guo, M, Xu, E, Ren, W, Wang, D, Li, S, et al.. Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics for capacitive energy storage. Nat Nanotechnol 2024;19:588–603. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01541-w.10.1038/s41565-023-01541-w ↗
18. Guo, F, Aryana, S, Han, Y, Jiao, Y. A review of the synthesis and applications of polymer–nanoclay composites. Appl Sci 2018;8:1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091696.10.3390/app8091696 ↗
19. Vahedi, V, Pasbakhsh, P. Instrumented impact properties and fracture behaviour of epoxy/modified halloysite nanocomposites. Polym Test 2014;39:101–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.07.017.10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.07.017 ↗
20. Polanský, R, Kadlec, P, Slepička, P, Kolská, Z, Švorčík, V. Testing the applicability of LDPE/HNT composites for cable core insulation. Polym Test 2019;78:105993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105993.10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.105993 ↗
21. Khan, ZI, Habib, U, Mohamad, ZB, Tufail, A, Raji, AM, Khan, AU. Innovative hybrid nanocomposites of recycled polyethylene terephthalate/polyamide 11 reinforced with sepiolite and graphene nanoplatelets. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 2024;38:1063–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/08927057241264457.10.1177/08927057241264457 ↗
22. Khan, ZI, Habib, U, Mohamad, ZB, Khan, I. Mechanical and thermal properties of a newly developed sepiolite filler-filled rPET/PA11 thermoplastic nanocomposites. Results Eng 2024;21:101731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101731.10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101731 ↗
23. Uddin, A, Estevez, D, Khatoon, R, Qin, F. Thermally stable silicone elastomer composites based on MoS2@Biomass-Derived carbon with a high dielectric constant and ultralow loss for flexible microwave electronics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023;15:27144–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c02587.10.1021/acsami.3c02587 ↗
24. Ai, D, Chang, Y, Liu, H, Wu, C, Zhou, Y, Han, Y, et al.. Dielectric nanocomposites with superb high-temperature capacitive performance based on high intrinsic dielectric constant polymer. Nano Res 2024;17:8504–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6793-0.10.1007/s12274-024-6793-0 ↗
25. Wang, X, Jang, SC, Lee, JH, Park, J, Noh, B, Choi, H, et al.. Ultraflexible and tough nanodielectric films with high-temperature resilience for harsh-environment energy storage. Adv Funct Mater 2024;34:2405530. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202405530.10.1002/adfm.202405530 ↗
26. Hardoň, Š, Kúdelčík, J, Baran, A, Trnka, P, Michal, O, Tamus, A, et al.. Fabrication and broadband dielectric study of properties of nanocomposites materials based on polyurethane. IEEE Access 2024;12:114227–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443462.10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443462 ↗
27. Hardoň, Š, Kúdelčík, J, Baran, A, Michal, O, Trnka, P, Hornak, J. Influence of nanoparticles on the dielectric response of a single component resin based on polyesterimide. Polymers 2022;14:2202. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14112202.10.3390/polym14112202 ↗
28. Hornak, J, Černohous, J, Prosr, P, Rous, P, Trnka, P, Baran, A, et al.. A comprehensive study of polyurethane potting compounds doped with magnesium oxide nanoparticles. Polymers 2023;15:1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061532.10.3390/polym15061532 ↗
29. Kúdelčík, J, Hardoň, Š, Trnka, P, Michal, O, Hornak, J. Dielectric responses of polyurethane/zinc oxide blends for dry-type cast cold-curing resin transformers. Polymers 2021;13:375. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030375.10.3390/polym13030375 ↗
30. Kúdelčík, J, Hardon, S, Hockicko, P, Kudelcikova, M, Hornak, J, Prosr, P, et al.. Study of the complex permittivity of a polyurethane matrix modified by nanoparticles. IEEE Access 2021;9:49547–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069144.10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069144 ↗
31. Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. Halloysite nanotubes, product no. 685445; 2025. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SK/en/product/aldrich/685445 [Accessed 28 July 2025].
32. VUKI a.s. Download center – Technical documentation; 2025. https://www.vuki.sk/na-stiahnutie [Accessed 28 July 2025].
33. Michal, O, Mentlík, V, Hornak, J. Impact of ultrasonic mixing on the electrical properties of PEI/SiO2 nanocomposites. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing; 2021, vol 2411. 1:050010 p.10.1063/5.0066867 ↗
34. Pei, A, Chen, Q, Zhao, Y, Liang, Y, Wang, H, Xu, J, et al.. Effect of interfacial hydrogen bonding on phase separation and segmental dynamics in polyurethane nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2011;44:3604–13. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200318k.10.1021/ma200318k ↗
35. Baran, A, Hardoň, Š, Kúdelčík, J, Hornák, J, Trnka, P. Effect of halloysite nanotubes on dielectric and mechanical properties of polyurethane nanocomposites. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Forthcoming, accepted for publication. American Institute of Physics; 2025. Available from: http://kf.elf.stuba.sk/∼apcom/sprogram/pdf/BARAN.pdf.
36. Le Ba, T, Alkurdi, AQ, Lukács, IE, Molnár, J, Wongwises, S, Gróf, G, et al.. A novel experimental study on the rheological properties and thermal conductivity of halloysite nanofluids. Nanomaterials 2020;10:1834. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091834.10.3390/nano10091834 ↗
37. Lue, SJ, Ou, JS, Kuo, CH, Chen, HY, Yang, TH. Pervaporative separation of azeotropic methanol/toluene mixtures in polyurethane–poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PU–PDMS) blend membranes: correlation with sorption and diffusion behaviors in a binary solution system. J Membr Sci 2010;347:108–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.10.012.10.1016/j.memsci.2009.10.012 ↗
38. Stanciu, A, Airinei, A, Timpu, D, Ioanid, A, Ioan, C, Bulacovschi, V. Polyurethane/polydimethylsiloxane segmented copolymers. Eur Polym J 1999;35:1959–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(98)00294-8.10.1016/S0014-3057(98)00294-8 ↗
39. Lei, W, Fang, C, Zhou, X, Cheng, Y, Yang, R, Liu, D. Morphology and thermal properties of polyurethane elastomer based on representative structural chain extenders. Thermochim Acta 2017;653:116–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2017.04.008.10.1016/j.tca.2017.04.008 ↗
40. Lei, W, Fang, C, Zhou, X, Li, J, Yang, R, Zhang, Z, et al.. Thermal properties of polyurethane elastomer with different flexible molecular chain based on para-phenylene diisocyanate. J Mater Sci Technol 2017;33:1424–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.05.014.10.1016/j.jmst.2017.05.014 ↗
41. Zia, KM, Bhatti, IA, Barikani, M, Zuber, M, Bhatti, HN. XRD studies of polyurethane elastomers based on chitin/1,4-butane diol blends. Carbohydr Polym 2009;76:183–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.005.10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.005 ↗
42. Parvathi, K, Ramesan, MT. Tailoring the structural, electrical and thermal properties of zinc oxide reinforced chlorinated natural rubber/poly (indole) blend nanocomposites for flexible electrochemical devices. J Polym Res 2023;30:55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03427-2.10.1007/s10965-022-03427-2 ↗
43. Kadi, S, Lellou, S, Marouf-Khelifa, K, Schott, J, Gener-Batonneau, I, Khelifa, A. Preparation, characterisation and application of thermally treated Algerian halloysite. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2012;158:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.03.014.10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.03.014 ↗
44. Abotaleb, A, Gladich, I, Mroue, K, Abounahia, N, Alkhateeb, A, Al-Shammari, A, et al.. Impact of thermal treatment on halloysite nanotubes: a combined experimental-computational approach. Heliyon 2024;10:e39952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39952.10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39952 ↗
45. Abdullah, NAS, Mohamad, Z, Khan, ZI. Thermo-mechanical properties and optimization of sodium alginate as a polymer backbone substrate for biosensor application. Environ Qual Manag 2024;34:e22242. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.22242.10.1002/tqem.22242 ↗
46. Kúdelčík, J, Hardon, S, Hockicko, P, Kudelcikova, M, Hornak, J, Prosr, P, et al.. Study of the complex permittivity of a polyurethane matrix modified by nanoparticles. IEEE Access 2021;9:49547–56. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069144.10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069144 ↗
47. Nelson, JK. Dielectric polymer nanocomposites. New York: Springer; 2004.
48. International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 62631-2-1:2018 – dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials – part 2-1: determination of permittivity and dissipation factor – AC methods; 2018. Standard by IEC, Geneva, Switzerland. Available from: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/29583.
49. Adamczyk, M, Rok, M, Wolny, A, Orzechowski, K. Dielectric properties of halloysite and halloysite-formamide intercalate. J Appl Phys 2014;115:024101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4857015.10.1063/1.4857015 ↗
50. Liu, D, Hoang, AT, Pourrahimi, AM, Pallon, LKH, Nilsson, F, Gubanski, SM, et al.. Influence of nanoparticle surface coating on electrical conductivity of LDPE/Al2O3 nanocomposites for HVDC cable insulations. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 2017;24:1396–404. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2017.006310.10.1109/TDEI.2017.006310 ↗
51. Pourrahimi, AM, Olsson, RT, Hedenqvist, MS. The role of interfaces in Polyethylene/metal-oxide nanocomposites for ultrahigh-voltage insulating materials. Adv Mater 2018;30:1703624. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703624.10.1002/adma.201703624 ↗
52. Džunuzović, JV, Stefanović, IS, Džunuzović, ES, Kovač, TS, Malenov, DP, Basagni, A, et al.. Fabrication of polycaprolactone-based polyurethanes with enhanced thermal stability. Polymers 2024;16:1812. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131812.10.3390/polym16131812 ↗
53. Wendou, D, Jiaxin, L, Jia, T, Zhengxiang, W, Shuhong, F. A review of recent development in preparation and modification of waterborne polyurethanes and their application in waterborne inks for plastic packaging printing. J Coating Technol Res 2025;22:1301–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-024-01072-6.10.1007/s11998-024-01072-6 ↗
54. Elabbasy, MT, Samak, MA, Saleh, AA, El-Shetry, ES, Almalki, A, El-Morsy, M, et al.. Enhancement of wound dressings through cerium canadate and hydroxyapatite-infused hyaluronic acid and PVA membranes: a comprehensive characterization and biocompatibility study. Mater Chem Phys 2024;328:129972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129972.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2024.129972 ↗
55. Cimbala, R, Havran, P, Király, J, Rajňák, M, Kurimský, J, Šárpataky, M, et al.. Dielectric response of a hybrid nanofluid containing fullerene C60 and iron oxide nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 2022;359:119338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119338.10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119338 ↗
56. Havran, P, Cimbala, R, Dolník, B, Rajňák, M, Štefko, R, Király, J, et al.. Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of hybrid insulating nanofluids in time, distribution, and frequency domain. J Mol Liq 2024;409:125409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125409.10.1016/j.molliq.2024.125409 ↗
57. Tarnacka, M, Hachuła, B, Geppert-Rybczyńska, M, Zięba, A, Kamiński, K. Dielectric studies on the dynamics of two van der Waals liquids differing in the ring rigidity confined within mesoporous silica. J Mol Liq 2025;437:128517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128517.10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128517 ↗
58. Mentlík, V, Michal, O. Influence of SiO2 nanoparticles and nanofibrous filler on the dielectric properties of epoxy-based composites. Mater Lett 2018;223:41–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.021.10.1016/j.matlet.2018.04.021 ↗
59. Velayutham, TS, Abd Majid, WH, Gan, WC, Khorsand Zak, A, Gan, SN. Theoretical and experimental approach on dielectric properties of ZnO nanoparticles and polyurethane/ZnO nanocomposites. J Appl Phys 2012;112:054106. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4749414.10.1063/1.4749414 ↗
60. Ersoy, A, Atalar, F, Hiziroğlu, H. A study on particle size effect of polyurethane-mica composites. IEEE Access 2024;12:679–88. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3347368.10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3347368 ↗
61. Janek, M, Kudelcik, J, Hardon, S, Gutten, M. Novel experimental setup for measuring the thermal conductivity of polyurethane composites with various nanoparticle contents. Sensors 2024;24:7269. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227269.10.3390/s24227269 ↗
62. Lin, C, Ying, P, Huang, M, Zhang, P, Yang, T, Liu, G, et al.. Processable and recyclable polyurethane/HNTs@Fe3O4 solid-solid phase change materials with excellent thermal conductivity for thermal energy storage. Polym Compos 2021;42:6813–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26342.10.1002/pc.26342 ↗
63. Kang, M, Liu, Y, Lin, W, Liang, C, Cheng, J. The thermal behavior and flame retardant performance of phase change material microcapsules with halloysite nanotube. J Energy Storage 2023;60:106632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.106632.10.1016/j.est.2023.106632 ↗
64. Liu, Y, Kang, M, Lin, W, Liang, C, Wang, Y, Zhang, F, et al.. Improved thermal energy storage, leak prevention and flame retardance of phase change material using halloysite nanotubes. J Therm Anal Calorim 2023;148:9501–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12315-w.10.1007/s10973-023-12315-w ↗
65. Mo, H, Yang, K, Li, S, Jiang, P. High thermal conductivity and high impact strength of epoxy nanodielectrics with functionalized halloysite nanotubes. RSC Adv 2016;6:69569–78. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06717d.10.1039/C6RA06717D ↗
66. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 527-1:2019: plastics – determination of tensile properties – part 1: general principles; 2019. https://www.iso.org/standard/75828.html [Accessed July 2025].
67. Joussein, E, Petit, S, Churchman, J, Theng, B, Righi, D, Delvaux, B. Halloysite clay minerals: a review. Clay Miner 2005;40:383–426. https://doi.org/10.1180/0009855054040180.10.1180/0009855054040180 ↗
68. Du, M, Guo, B, Jia, D. Thermal stability and flame retardant effects of halloysite nanotubes on poly(propylene). Eur Polym J 2006;42:1362–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.006.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.006 ↗
69. Ray, SS, Okamoto, M. Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Prog Polym Sci 2003;28:1539–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.08.002.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.08.002 ↗
70. Leite, AJ, de Oliveira, AD. Mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethane composites reinforced with halloysite nanotubes. Mater Res 2015;18:269–75. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.341014.
71. Kausar, A. Review on polymer/halloysite nanotube nanocomposite. Polym Plast Technol Eng 2017;57:548–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2017.1329436.10.1080/03602559.2017.1329436 ↗