Progress in magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanomaterials in magnetic resonance imaging
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract At present, high-sensitivity, high-penetration-depth, and accurate tissue resolution clinical imaging effect are required, while computer transverse scanning, microwave imaging, and fluorescence imaging (FL) cannot meet the requirements of clinical imaging, but the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can meet the requirements of clinical dissecting details. The effect of MRI imaging is closely related to the contrast agent (CA). As an important type of CA, Fe 3 O 4 and its analogues have been widely concerned because of their low toxicity and relatively low price. In this review, we summarize the development and improvement of CAs based on Fe 3 O 4 and its analogues from T 2 imaging mode and development limitation in the initial single modulus imaging mode, to T 1 imaging mode overcoming the limitations of T 2 imaging and the limitations of its own in application, to the later development of dual modulus imaging form, and to the current multi-modulus imaging form. Simultaneously, we demonstrate the research progress, preparation methods, and future trends based on Fe 3 O 4 and its analogues CAs for MRI, the current application status is preliminarily summarized, and the future development trend is prospected.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery · Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes · Nanocluster Synthesis and Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
Institute of Industrial Technology, Fujian Jiangxia University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , China
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Orleans , New Orleans , LA 70148 , United States of America
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Yang L, Sun C, Lin H, Gong X, Zhou T, Deng WT, et al. Sensitive contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of orthotopic and metastatic hepatic tumors by ultralow doses of zinc ferrite octapods. Chem Mater. 2019;31:1381–90.10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04760 ↗
2. Liu G, Hong RY, Guo L, Li YG, Li HZ. Preparation, characterization and MRI application of carboxymethyl dextran coated magnetic nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci. 2011;257(15):6711–7.10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.02.110 ↗
3. Wu W, He QG, Jiang CZ. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis and surface functionalization strategies. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2008;3:397–415.10.1007/s11671-008-9174-9 ↗
4. Chen YL, Li M, Hong YN, Lam JWY, Zheng QC, Zhong B. Dual-modal MRI contrast agent with aggregation-induced emission characteristic for liver specific imaging with long circulation lifetime. ACS Appl Mater Inter. 2014;6:10783–91.10.1021/am502282f ↗
5. Jun YW, Huh YM, Choi JS, Lee JH, Song HT, Kim SJ, et al. Nanoscale size effect of magnetic nanocrystals and their utilization for cancer diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;16:5732–3.10.1021/ja0422155 ↗
6. Mornet S, Vasseur S, Grasset F, Veverka P, Goglio G, Demourgues A, et al. Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical applications. Prog Solid State Ch. 2006;34:237–47.10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2005.11.010 ↗
7. Kim BH, Lee N, Kim H, An K, Park YI, Choi Y, et al. Large-scale synthesis of uniform and extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles for high-resolution T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133:12624–31.10.1021/ja203340u ↗
8. Zheng SW, Huang M, Hong RY, Deng SM, Cheng LF, Gao B, Badami D. RGD-conjugated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles for MRI contrast enhancement and hyperthermia. J Biomater Appl. 2013;28(7):1051–9.10.1177/0885328213493486 ↗
9. Gao J, Liang G, Cheung JS, Pan Y. Multifunctional yolk-shell nanoparticles: a potential MRI contrast and anticancer agent. J Am Chem Soc. 2008;130:11828–33.10.1021/ja803920b ↗
10. Terreno E, Castelli DD, Viale A, Aime S. Challenges for molecular magnetic resonance imaging. Chem Rev. 2010;110:3019–42.10.1021/cr100025t ↗
11. Dubravka N, Marta J, Jovana P, Danijela V, Tatjana R, Sanja RŠ, et al. Application of iron nanoparticles in contemporary physiology and cell biology research. Rev Adv Meter Sci. 2018;53:74–8.10.1515/rams-2018-0005 ↗
12. Leung KC, Xuan S, Zhu X, Wang D, Chak CP, Lee SF, et al. Gold and iron oxide hybrid nanocomposite materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41:1911–28.10.1039/C1CS15213K ↗
13. Moraes Silva S, Tavallaie R, Sandiford L, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Gold coated magnetic nanoparticles: from preparation to surface modification for analytical and biomedical applications. Chem Commun. 2016;52:7528–40.10.1039/C6CC03225G ↗
14. Lacroix LM, Delpech F, Nayral C, Lachaize S, Chaudret B. New generation of magnetic and luminescent nanoparticles for in vivo real-time imaging. Interface Focus. 2013;3:20120103.10.1098/rsfs.2012.0103 ↗
15. Ban Q, Bai T, Duan X, Kong J. Noninvasive photothermal cancer therapy nanoplatforms via integrating nanomaterials and functional polymers. Biomater Sci. 2017;5:190–210.10.1039/C6BM00600K ↗
16. Jadhav V, Chikode P, Nikam G, Sabale S. Polyol synthesis and characterization of ZnO@CoFe2O4 MNP’s to study the photodegradation rate of azo and diphenyl type dye. Mater Today Proc. 2016;3:4121–7.10.1016/j.matpr.2016.11.084 ↗
17. McNamara K, Tofail SA. Nanosystems: the use of nanoalloys, metallic, bimetallic, and magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17:27981–95.10.1039/C5CP00831J ↗
18. Salihov SV, Ivanenkov YA, Krechetov SP, Veselov MS, Sviridenkova NV, Savchenko AG, et al. Recent advances in the synthesis of Fe3O4@AU core/shell nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater. 2015;394:173–8.10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.06.012 ↗
19. Wang XM, Guo SW, Li ZQ, Xiao XY, Gu L, Luo Q, et al. Safe and potent MRI contrast agents by complexing gadolinium with enzyme/reduction dual-sensitive branched polymers. Appl Mater Today. 2019;17:92–103.10.1016/j.apmt.2019.07.019 ↗
20. Mogul R, Getz Kelly JJ, Cable ML, Hebard AF. Synthesis and magnetic characterization of microstructures prepared from microbial templates of differing morphology. Mater Let. 2006;60:19–22.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.066 ↗
21. Yang L, Sun C, Lin H, Gong X, Zhou T, Deng WT, et al. Sensitive contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of orthotopic and metastatic hepatic tumors by ultralow doses of zinc ferrite octapods. Chem Mater. 2019;31:1381–90.10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b04760 ↗
22. Skumiel A, Kaczmarek-Klinowska M, Timko M, Molcan M, Rajnak M. Evaluation of power heat losses in multidomain iron particles under the influence of AC magnetic field in RF range. Inter J Ther. 2013;34:655–66.10.1007/s10765-012-1380-0 ↗
23. Xie J, Yan C, Zhang Y, Gu N. Shape evolution of “multibranched” Mn-Zn ferrite nanostructures with high performance: a transformation of nanocrystals into nanoclusters. Chem Mater. 2013;25:3702–9.10.1021/cm402036d ↗
24. Kikuchi T, Kasuya R, Endo S, Nakamura A, Takai T, Metzler-Nolte N, et al. Preparation of magnetite aqueous dispersion for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. J Magn Magn Mater. 2011;323:1216–22.10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.11.009 ↗
25. Gyergyek S, Makovec D, Jagodič M, Drofenik M, Schenk K, Jordan O, et al. Hydrothermal growth of iron oxide NPs with a uniform size distribution for magnetically induced hyperthermia: Structural, colloidal and magnetic properties. J Alloy Compd. 2017;694:261–71.10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.238 ↗
26. Kluenker M, Tahir MN, Dören R, Deuker M, Komforth P, Plana-Ruiz S, et al. Iron oxide superparticles with enhanced MRI performance by solution phase epitaxial growth. Chem Mater. 2018;30:4277–88.10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b01128 ↗
27. Gunawan AA, Chernomordik BD, Plemmons DS, Deng DD, Aydil ES, Mkhoyan KA. Plasmonic interactions through chemical bonds of surface ligands on PbSe nanocrystals. Chem Mater. 2014;26:3328–33.10.1021/cm501254m ↗
28. Sandiford L, Phinikaridou A, Protti A, Meszaros LK, Cui XJ, Yan Y, et al. Bisphosphonate-anchored PEGylation and radiolabeling of superparamagnetic iron oxide: long-circulating nanoparticles for in Vivo multimodal (T1 MRI-SPECT) imaging. ACS Nano. 2013;7:500–12.10.1021/nn3046055 ↗
29. Zhang P, Li QF, Wang J, Shi Y, Ling YF. Effect of PVA fiber on durability of cementitious composite containing nano-SiO2. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8:116–27.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0011 ↗
30. Hong RY, Li JH, Qu JM, Chen LL, Li HZ. Preparation and characterization of magnetite/dextran nanocomposite used as a precursor of magnetic fluid. Chem Eng J. 2009;150:572–80.10.1016/j.cej.2009.03.034 ↗
31. Mailander V, Landfester K. Interaction of nanoparticles with cells. Biomacromolecules. 2009;10:2379–400.10.1021/bm900266r ↗
32. Liu D, Wu W, Ling J, Wen S, Gu N, Zhang X. Effective PEGylation of iron oxide nanoparticles for high performance in vivo cancer imaging. Adv Funct Mater. 2011;21:1498–504.10.1002/adfm.201001658 ↗
33. Xie J, Xu C, Kohler N, Hou Y, Sun S. Controlled PEGylation of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles for reduced non-specific uptake by macrophage cells. Adv Mater. 2007;19:3163–6.10.1002/adma.200701975 ↗
34. Amstad E, Gillich T, Bilecka I, Textor M, Reimhult E. Ultrastable iron oxide nanoparticle colloidal suspensions using dispersants with catechol-derived anchor groups. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;9:4042–8.10.1021/nl902212q ↗
35. Ye M, Qian Y, Tang J, Hu H, Sui M, Shen Y. Targeted biodegradable dendritic MRI contrast agent for enhanced tumor imaging. J Control Rel. 2013;69:239–45.10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.034 ↗
36. Liu L, Ye Q, Wu Y, Hsieh WY, Chen CL, Shen HH, et al. Tracking T-cells in vivo with a new nano-sized MRI contrast agent. Nanomedicine. 2012;8:1345–54.10.1016/j.nano.2012.02.017 ↗
37. Zatovicova MM, Jelenska L, Hulikova A, Ditte P, Ditte Z, Csaderova L, et al. Monoclonal antibody G250 targeting CA IX: binding specificity, internalization and therapeutic effects in a non-renal cancer model. Int J Oncol. 2014;45:2455–67.10.3892/ijo.2014.2658 ↗
38. Kubovcikova M, Koneracka M, Strbak O, Molcan M, Zavisova V, Antal I, et al. Poly-L-lysine designed magnetic nanoparticles for combined hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging and cancer cell detection. J Magn Magn Mater. 2019;475:316–26.10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.11.027 ↗
39. Blanco-Andujar C, Walter A, Cotin G, Bordeianu C, Mertz D, Felder-Flesch D, et al. Design of iron oxide-based nanoparticles for MRI and magnetic hyperthermia. Nanomedicine. 2016;11:1889–910.10.2217/nnm-2016-5001 ↗
40. Zhang HH, Chen GH, Yu B, Cong HL. Emerging advanced nanomaterials for cancer photothermal therapy. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2018;53:131–46.10.1515/rams-2018-0010 ↗
41. Yin J, Yin G, Pu X, Huang Z, Yao D. Preparation and characterization of peptide modified ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides used as tumor targeting MRI contrast agent. RSC Adv. 2019;9:19397–407.10.1039/C9RA02636C ↗
42. Louie A. Multimodality imaging probes: design and challenges. Chem Rev. 2020;110:3146–95.10.1021/cr9003538 ↗
43. Demin AM, Pershina AG, Minin AS, Mekhaev AV, Ivanov VV, Lezhava SP, et al. PMIDA-modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis and application for Liver MRI. Langmuir. 2018;34:3449–58.10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b04023 ↗
44. Bhattacharya D, Baksi A, Banerjee I, Ananthakrishnan R, Maiti TK, Pramanik P. Development of phosphonate modified Fe(1−x)MnxFe2O4 mixed ferrite nanoparticles: novel peroxidase mimetics in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Talanta. 2011;86:337–48.10.1016/j.talanta.2011.09.026 ↗
45. Hu Y, Mignani S, Majoral JP, Shen M, Shi X. Construction of iron oxide nanoparticle-based hybrid platforms for tumor imaging and therapy. Chem Soc Rev. 2018;47:1874–900.10.1039/C7CS00657H ↗
46. Yin J, Xu F, Qu H, Li C, Liu S, Liu L, et al. Dysprosium-doped iron oxide nanoparticles boosting spin-spin relaxation: a computational and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2019;21:11883–91.10.1039/C9CP00463G ↗
47. Shi X, Li Z, Ge X, Yang C, Fang B, Wei J, et al. Water-soluble noncovalently engineered graphene-neutral red nanocomposite with photocurrent generating capacity. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2012;12:1792–8.10.1166/jnn.2012.5168 ↗
48. Yang L, Wang Z, Ma L, Li A, Xin J, Wei R, et al. The roles of morphology on the relaxation rates of magnetic nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2018;12:4605–14.10.1021/acsnano.8b01048 ↗
49. Yang L, Zhou Z, Liu H, Wu C, Zhang H, Huang G, et al. Europium-engineered iron oxide nanocubes with high T1 and T2 contrast abilities for MRI in living subjects. Nanoscale. 2015;7:6843–50.10.1039/C5NR00774G ↗
50. Ju Q, Tu D, Liu Y, Li R, Zhu H, Chen J, et al. Amine-functionalized lanthanide-doped KGdF4 nanocrystals as potential optical/magnetic multimodal bioprobes. J Am Chem Soc. 2012;134:1323–30.10.1021/ja2102604 ↗
51. Lapčík L, Vašina M, Lapčíková B, Hui D, Otyepková E, Richard W, et al. Materials characterization of advanced fillers for composites engineering applications. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8:503–12.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0045 ↗
52. Jia FF, Li GL, Yang B, Yu B, Shen YQ, Cong HL. Investigation of rare earth upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles in biomedical field. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8:1–17.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0001 ↗
53. Karthi S, Govindan R, Gangadharan A. Luminomagnetic Nd3+ doped fluorapatite coated Fe3O4 nanostructures for biomedical applications. Je Am Ceram Soc. 2019;33:2558–68.10.1111/jace.16090 ↗
54. Thorat ND, Lemine OM, Bohara RA, Omri K, El Mir L, Tofail SA. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocargoes for combined cancer thermotherapy and MRI applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2016;18:21331–9.10.1039/C6CP03430F ↗
55. Shelat R, Bhatt LK, Khanna A, Chandra S. A comprehensive toxicity evaluation of novel amino acid-modified magnetic ferrofluids for magnetic resonance imaging. Amino Acids. 2019;51:929–43.10.1007/s00726-019-02726-1 ↗
56. Guo SH, Fu DW, Utupova A, Sun DJ, Zhou M, Jin Z, et al. Applications of polymer-based nanoparticles in vaccine field. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8:143–55.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0014 ↗
57. Li F, Nie W, Zhang F, Lu G, Lv C, Lv Y, et al. Engineering magnetosomes for high-performance cancer vaccination. ACS Cent Sci. 2019;5:796–807.10.1021/acscentsci.9b00060 ↗
58. Liu G, Qi M, Hutchinson MR, Yang G, Goldys EM. Recent advances in cytokine detection by immunosensing. Biosens Bioelectron. 2016;79:810–21.10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.020 ↗
59. Ma K, Liu GJ, Yan L. AIEgen based poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) magnetic nanoparticles to localize cytokine VEGF for early cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy. Nanomedicine-UK. 2019;12:1191–201.10.2217/nnm-2018-0467 ↗
60. Mikhail AS, Allen C. Block copolymer micelles for delivery of cancer therapy: transport at the whole body, tissue and cellular levels. J Control Rel. 2009;138:214–23.10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.04.010 ↗
61. Yang T, Niu D, Chen J, He J, Yang S, Jia X, et al. Biodegradable organosilica magnetic micelles for magnetically targeted MRI and GSH-triggered tumor chemotherapy. Biomater Sci. 2019;7:2951–60.10.1039/C9BM00342H ↗
62. Wei J, Shuai X, Wang R, He X, Li Y, Ding M, et al. Clickable and imageable multiblock polymer micelles with magnetically guided and PEG-switched targeting and release property for precise tumor theranosis. Biomaterials-UK. 2017;145:138–53.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.005 ↗
63. Ngen EJ, Wang L, Kato Y, Krishnamachary B, Zhu W, Gandhi N, et al. Imaging transplanted stem cells in real time using an MRI dual-contrast method. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13628.10.1038/srep13628 ↗
64. Lee DE, Koo H, Sun IC, Ryu JH, Kim K, Kwon IC. Multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and theragnosis. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41:2656–72.10.1039/C2CS15261D ↗
65. Ja-Young P. Highly water-dispersible PEG surface modified ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles useful for target-specific biomedical applications. Nanotechnology. 2008;36:365603.10.1088/0957-4484/19/36/365603 ↗
66. Mishra SK, Kumar SBH, Khushu S, Tripathi RP, Gangenahalli G. Increased transverse relaxivity in ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles used as MRI contrast agent for biomedical imaging. Contrast Media Mole I. 2016;350–61.10.1002/cmmi.1698 ↗
67. Wei H, Bruns OT, Kaul MG, Hansen EC, Barch M, Wisniowska A, et al. Exceedingly small iron oxide nanoparticles as positive MRI contrast agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:2325–30.10.1073/pnas.1620145114 ↗
68. Liang G, Han J, Hao Q. Gram-scale preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles with renal clearance properties for enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2018;1:1389–97.10.1021/acsabm.8b00346 ↗
69. Li Y, Huang Y, Wang Z, Carniato F, Xie Y, Patterson JP, et al. Polycatechol nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. Small. 2016;12:668–77.10.1002/smll.201502754 ↗
70. Miao Y, Xie F, Cen J, Zhou F, Tao X, Luo J, et al. Fe3+ @polyDOPA-b-polysarcosine, a T1-weighted MRI contrast agent via controlled NTA polymerization. ACS Macro Lett. 2018;7:693–98.10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00287 ↗
71. Chan N, Laprise-Pelletier M, Chevallier P, Bianchi A, Fortin MA, Oh JK. Multidentate block-copolymer-stabilized ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with enhanced colloidal stability for magnetic resonance imaging. Biomacromolecules. 2014;15:2146–56.10.1021/bm500311k ↗
72. Xiao W, Legros P, Chevallier P, Lagueux J, Oh JK, Fortin M-A. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized with multidentate block copolymers for optimal vascular contrast inT1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2018;1:894–907.10.1021/acsanm.7b00300 ↗
73. Khanafer M, Izquierdo-Lorenzo I, Akil S, Louarn G, Toufaily J, Hamieh T, et al. Silver nanoparticle rings of controllable size: multi-wavelength SERS response and high enhancement of three pyridine derivatives. Chemistry Select. 2016;1:1201–6.10.1002/slct.201600035 ↗
74. Simon GH, Vopelius-Feldt JV, Fu YJ, Schlegel J, Pinotek G, Wendland MF, et al. Ultrasmall supraparamagnetic iron oxide-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of antigen-induced arthritis. a comparative study between SHU 555 C, Ferumoxtran-10, and Ferumoxytol. Invest Radiol. 2006;41:45–52.10.1097/01.rli.0000191367.61306.83 ↗
75. Shen Z, Song J, Yung BC, Zhou Z, Wu A, Chen X. Emerging strategies of cancer therapy based on Ferroptosis. Adv Mater. 2018;30:e1704007.10.1002/adma.201704007 ↗
76. Dixon SJ, Lemberg KM, Lamprecht MR, Skouta R, Zaitsev EM, Gleason CE, et al. Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell. 2012;149:1060–72.10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.042 ↗
77. Krzysztof S, Magdalena C, Magdalena MK, Berta F, Bartłomiej D, Sylwia MW, et al. Toxicity of metallic nanoparticles in the central nervous system. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8:175–200.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0017 ↗
78. Shen Z, Liu T, Li Y, Lau J, Yang Z, Fan W, et al. Fenton-reaction-acceleratable magnetic nanoparticles for ferroptosis therapy of orthotopic brain tumors. ACS Nano. 2018;12:11355–65.10.1021/acsnano.8b06201 ↗
79. Roy E, Patra S, Madhuri R, Sharma PK. Anisotropic gold nanoparticle decorated magnetopolymersome: an advanced nanocarrier for targeted photothermal therapy and dual-mode responsive T1 MRI imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2017;3:2120–35.10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00089 ↗
80. Roy E, Patra S, Madhuri R, Sharma PK. Stimuli-responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-co-tyrosine@gadolinium: iron oxide nanoparticle-based nanotheranostic for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Colloid Surf B. 2016;142:248–58.10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.053 ↗
81. Shin TH, Choi JS, Yun S, Kim IS, Song HT, Kim Y, et al. T1 and T2 dual-mode MRI contrast agent for enhancing accuracy by engineered nanomaterials. ACS Nano. 2014;8:3393–401.10.1021/nn405977t ↗
82. Shen Z, Chen T, Ma X, Ren W, Zhou Z, Zhu G, et al. Multifunctional theranostic nanoparticles based on exceedingly small magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and chemotherapy. ACS Nano. 2017;11:10992–1004.10.1021/acsnano.7b04924 ↗
83. Chen C, Li JG, Luo GQ, Xiong YL, Zhang QS. Size-controlled in situ synthesis and photo-responsive properties of silver/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite films with high silver content. Appl Sur Sci. 2012;24:10180–4.10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.06.102 ↗
84. Li Z, Tan B, Allix M, Cooper AI, Rosseinsky MJ. Direct coprecipitation route to monodisperse dual-functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals without size selection. Small. 2008;4:231–9.10.1002/smll.200700575 ↗
85. Li Z, Yi PW, Sun Q, Lei H, Li H, Zhao HL, et al. Ultrasmall water-soluble and biocompatible magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as positive and negative dual contrast agents. Adva Funct Mater. 2012;22:2387–93.10.1002/adfm.201103123 ↗
86. Majeed MI, Lu Q, Yan W, Li Z, Hussain I, Tahir MN, et al. Highly water-soluble magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles for drug delivery: enhanced in vitro therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin and MION conjugates. J Mater Chem B. 2013;1:2874.10.1039/c3tb20322k ↗
87. Torkashvand N, Sarlak N. Fabrication of a dual T1 and T2 contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging using cellulose nanocrystals/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Eur Poly J. 2019;118:128–36.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.048 ↗
88. Valencia PM, Farokhzad OC, Karnik R, Langer R. Microfluidic technologies for accelerating the clinical translation of nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol. 2012;7:623–9.10.1038/nnano.2012.168 ↗
89. Liu CL, Peng YK, Chou SW, Tseng WH, Tseng YJ, Chen HC, et al. One-step, room-temperature synthesis of glutathione-capped iron-oxide nanoparticles and their application in in vivo T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Small. 2014;10:3962–9.10.1002/smll.201303868 ↗
90. Starsich FHL, Eberhardt C, Keevend K, Boss A, Hirt AM, Herrmann IK, et al. Reduced magnetic coupling in ultrasmall iron oxide T1 MRI contrast agents. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2018;1:783–91.10.1021/acsabm.8b00244 ↗
91. Na HB, Song IC, Hyeon T. Inorganic nanoparticles for MRI contrast agents. Adv Mater. 2009;21:2133–48.10.1002/adma.200802366 ↗
92. Lee YC, Chen DY, Dodd SJ, Bouraoud N, Koretsky AP, Krishnan KM. The use of silica coated MnO nanoparticles to control MRI relaxivity in response to specific physiological changes. Biomaterials-UK. 2012;33:3560–7.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.062 ↗
93. Choi JS, Lee JH, Shin TH, Song H-T, Kim EY, Cheon J. Self-confirming “and” logic nanoparticles for fault-free MRI. J Am Chem Soc. 2010;132:11015–7.10.1021/ja104503g ↗
94. Yang M, Gao L, Liu K, Luo C, Wang Y, Yu L, et al. Characterization of Fe3O4/SiO2/Gd2O(CO3)2 core/shell/shell nanoparticles as T1 and T2 dual mode MRI contrast agent. Talanta. 2015;131:661–5.10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.042 ↗
95. Kim MH, Son HY, Kim GY, Park K, Huh YM, Haam S. Redoxable heteronanocrystals functioning magnetic relaxation switch for activatable T1 and T2 dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials-UK. 2016;101:121–30.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.054 ↗
96. Fan W, Shen B, Bu W, Chen F, Zhao K, Zhang S, et al. Rattle-structured multifunctional nanotheranostics for synergetic chemo-/radiotherapy and simultaneous magnetic/luminescent dual-mode imaging. J Am Chem Soc. 2013;135:6494–503.10.1021/ja312225b ↗
97. Sun X, Du R, Zhang L, Zhang G, Zheng X, Qian J, et al. A pH-responsive yolk-like nanoplatform for tumor targeted dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging and chemotherapy. ACS Nano. 2017;11:7049–59.10.1021/acsnano.7b02675 ↗
98. Xiong LQ, Chen ZG, Yu MX, Li FY, Liu C, Huang CH. Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo targeted imaging of amine-functionalized rare-earth up-converting nanophosphors. Biomaterials-UK. 2009;30:5592–600.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.015 ↗
99. Liu YF, Jiang LY, Wang HN, Wang H, Jiao W, Chen GZ, et al. A brief review for fluorinated carbon: synthesis, properties and applications. Nanotechnol Rev. 2019;8(1):573–86.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0051 ↗
100. Guo W, Qi Y, Zhang Y, Ma L, Yu D, Zhan J. Biocompatible caramelized carbonaceous nanospheres supported paramagnetic ultrathin manganese oxide nanosheets via self-sacrificing reduction as a MRI contrast agent for liver imaging. Carbon. 2016;110:321–9.10.1016/j.carbon.2016.09.030 ↗