journal article·2023-11-02Open access

Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review

Mohammad Azad Alam, Hamdan B. Ya, Mohammad Azeem, Mazli Mustapha, Mohammad Yusuf, Faisal Masood, Roshan Vijay Marode, Salit Mohd Sapuan, Akhter Husain Ansari

Nanotechnology Reviews· Volume 12· Issue 1

Abstract

Abstract Automotive and aircraft industries are advancing swiftly, creating a constant need for innovative and trustworthy materials. Aluminum composites (aluminum matrix composites [AMCs]) exhibit enhanced mechanical and tribological behaviors when contrasted to their conventional equivalents and as a result have superior potential to be widely accepted for automotive and aircraft engineering and other component applications. This study aims to provide a thorough and critical analysis of the most recent research initiatives concerning the processing, characteristics, and applications of AMCs. It covers the recent advancements in the aluminum-based composites reinforced with SiC, TiC, and graphene, fabrication methods, and mechanical properties of AMCs. Graphene nanoplatelets are many times stronger and yet lighter than steel and other metals, and thus a good contender for reinforcing them. However, the homogeneous distribution of graphene into the metal or aluminum is a challenging aspect for material researchers. The fabrication techniques for AMCs for achieving homogeneous distribution of graphene are critically reviewed. The mechanical properties, specifically microhardness, wear behavior, and tensile strength of aluminum-based composites, are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, a way forward for fostering further development in this area has been discussed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · MXene and MAX Phase Materials · Advanced ceramic materials synthesis

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS , Seri Iskandar 32610 , Malaysia

Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Renewable Energy and Power System (IRC-REPS), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) , Dhahran 31261 , Saudi Arabia

Clean Energy Technologies Research Institute (CETRI), Process Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway , SK , S4S 0A2 , Canada

Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila , 47080, Rawalpindi , Pakistan

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400 Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia

Advanced Engineering Materials and Composite Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , 43400, UPM Serdang , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia

Mechanical Engineering Department, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202002, U.P , India

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Zhang W, Xu J. Advanced lightweight materials for automobiles: A review. Mater Des. 2022;221:110994.10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110994 ↗
2. Alam MA, Ya HH, Yusuf M, Sivraj R, Mamat OB, Sapuan SM, et al. Modeling, optimization and performance evaluation of TiC/graphite reinforced Al 7075 hybrid composites using response surface methodology. Materials. 2021;14(16):4703. 10.3390/ma14164703.10.3390/ma14164703 ↗
3. Lava Kumar P, Lombardi A, Byczynski G, Narayana Murty SVS, Murty BS, Bichler L. Recent advances in aluminium matrix composites reinforced with graphene-based nanomaterial: A critical review. Prog Mater Sci. Jul 2022;128:100948. 10.1016/J.PMATSCI.2022.100948.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.100948 ↗
4. Miller WS, Zhuang L, Bottema J, Wittebrood AJ, De Smet P, Haszler A, et al. Recent development in aluminium alloys for the automotive industry. Mater Sci Eng A. 2000;280(1):37–49.10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00653-X ↗
5. Alam MA, Ya HH, Azeem M, Hussain PB, bin Salit MS, Khan R, et al. Modelling and optimisation of hardness behaviour of sintered Al/SiC composites using RSM and ANN: A comparative study. J Mater Res Technol. Nov 2020;9(6):14036–50. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.09.087.10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.09.087 ↗
6. Alam MA, Ya HH, Azeem M, Yusuf M, Soomro IA, Masood F, et al. Artificial neural network modeling to predict the effect of milling time and TiC content on the crystallite size and lattice strain of Al7075-TiC Composites fabricated by powder metallurgy. Crystals. 2022;12(3):372. 10.3390/cryst12030372.10.3390/cryst12030372 ↗
7. Sharma S, Patyal V, Sudhakara P, Singh J, Petru M, Ilyas RA. Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al-Cu-Mg-T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques. Nanotechnol Rev. 2021;11(1):65–85. 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0005.10.1515/ntrev-2022-0005 ↗
8. Mistry JM, Gohil PP. Research review of diversified reinforcement on aluminum metal matrix composites: Fabrication processes and mechanical characterization. Sci Eng Compos Mat. 2018;25(4):633–47. 10.1515/secm-2016-0278.10.1515/secm-2016-0278 ↗
9. Bhaskar S, Kumar M, Patnaik A. Mechanical and tribological overview of ceramic particulates reinforced aluminium alloy composites. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2019;58(1):280–94. 10.1515/rams-2019-0033.10.1515/rams-2019-0033 ↗
10. Song Y, Wang A, Ma D, Xie J, Wang W. Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites processed by P/M method. Nanotechnol Rev. 2023;12(1):20220506. 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0506.10.1515/ntrev-2022-0506 ↗
11. Ikram R, Mohamed Jan B, Nagy PB, Szabo T. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective. Nanotechnol Rev. 2023;12(1):20220512. 10.1515/ntrev-2022-0512.10.1515/ntrev-2022-0512 ↗
12. Md Ali A, Omar MZ, Hashim H, Salleh MS, Mohamed IF. Recent development in graphene-reinforced aluminium matrix composite: A review. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2021;60(1):801–17. 10.1515/rams-2021-0062.10.1515/rams-2021-0062 ↗
13. Yunus M, Alamro T. Evaluation of wear and corrosion properties of FSWed aluminum alloy plates of AA2020-T4 with heat treatment under different aging periods. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2022;61(1):687–97. 10.1515/rams-2022-0261.10.1515/rams-2022-0261 ↗
14. Gao Y, Vini MH, Daneshmand S. Effect of nano Al2O3 particles on the mechanical and wear properties of Al/Al2O3 composites manufactured via ARB. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2022;61(1):734–43. 10.1515/rams-2022-0268.10.1515/rams-2022-0268 ↗
15. Khatkar SK. Hybrid magnesium matrix composites: A review of reinforcement philosophies, mechanical and tribological characteristics. Rev Adv Mater Sci. 2023;62(1):20220294. 10.1515/rams-2022-0294.10.1515/rams-2022-0294 ↗
16. Lou S, Li X, Guo G, Ran L, Liu Y, Zhang P, et al. Hot deformation behavior and microstructure of a 0.5 wt% graphene nanoplatelet reinforced aluminum composite. Sci Eng Compos Mater. 2022;29(1):97–112. 10.1515/secm-2022-0009.10.1515/secm-2022-0009 ↗
17. Zhang WW, Hu Y, Wang Z, Yang C, Zhang GQ, Prashanth KG, et al. A novel high-strength Al-based nanocomposite reinforced with Ti-based metallic glass nanoparticles produced by powder metallurgy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;734(February):34–41. 10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.082.10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.082 ↗
18. Jeyasimman D, Sivasankaran S, Sivaprasad K, Narayanasamy R, Kambali RS. An investigation of the synthesis, consolidation and mechanical behaviour of Al 6061 nanocomposites reinforced by TiC via mechanical alloying. Mater Des. 2014;57:394–404. 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.067.10.1016/j.matdes.2013.12.067 ↗
19. Scudino S, Liu G, Prashanth KG, Bartusch B, Surreddi KB, Murty BS, et al. Mechanical properties of Al-based metal matrix composites reinforced with Zr-based glassy particles produced by powder metallurgy. Acta Mater. 2009;57(6):2029–39. 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.01.010.10.1016/j.actamat.2009.01.010 ↗
20. Ravi Kumar K, Kiran K, Sreebalaji VS. Micro structural characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with titanium carbide. J Alloys Compd. Nov 2017;723:795–801. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.309.10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.309 ↗
21. Ashkenazi D. How aluminum changed the world: A metallurgical revolution through technological and cultural perspectives. Technol Forecast Soc Change. Jun 2019;143:101–13. 10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.03.011.10.1016/j.techfore.2019.03.011 ↗
22. Arif S, Jamil B, Naim Shaikh MB, Aziz T, Ansari AH, Khan M. Characterization of surface morphology, wear performance and modelling of graphite reinforced aluminium hybrid composites. Eng Sci Technol an Int J. 2020;23(3):674–90. 10.1016/j.jestch.2019.07.001.10.1016/j.jestch.2019.07.001 ↗
23. Rahimi B, Khosravi H, Haddad-Sabzevar M. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of Al-2024 alloy processed via a rheocasting route. Int J Miner Metall Mater. 2015;22(1):59–67. 10.1007/s12613-015-1044-8.10.1007/s12613-015-1044-8 ↗
24. Kumar KA, Natarajan S, Duraiselvam M, Ramachandra S. Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of Al 3003 - TiO 2 surface composites through friction stir processing. Mater Manuf Process. 2019;34(2):183–91. 10.1080/10426914.2018.1544711.10.1080/10426914.2018.1544711 ↗
25. Ahmadi E, Ranjkesh M, Mansoori E, Fattahi M, Mojallal RY, Amirkhanlou S. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/ZrC/TiC hybrid nanocomposite filler metals of tungsten inert gas welding fabricated by accumulative roll bonding. J Manuf Process. 2017;26:173–7. 10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.02.012.10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.02.012 ↗
26. Bauri R, Yadav D, Shyam Kumar CN, Balaji B. Tungsten particle reinforced Al 5083 composite with high strength and ductility. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;620:67–75. 10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.108.10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.108 ↗
27. Natrayan L, Senthil Kumar M. An integrated artificial neural network and Taguchi approach to optimize the squeeze cast process parameters of AA6061/Al2O3/SiC/Gr hybrid composites prepared by novel encapsulation feeding technique. Mater Today Commun. 2020;25(June):101586. 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101586.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101586 ↗
28. Manohar G, Pandey KM, Maity SR. Effect of microwave sintering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA7075/B4C/ZrC hybrid nano composite fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques. Ceram Int. Aug 2021;47:32610–8. 10.1016/J.CERAMINT.2021.08.156.10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.08.156 ↗
29. Hu Q, Zhao H, Li F. Effects of manufacturing processes on microstructure and properties of Al/A356–B4C composites. Mater Manuf Process. 2016;31(10):1292–300. 10.1080/10426914.2016.1151049.10.1080/10426914.2016.1151049 ↗
30. Rao RN, Das S. Effect of SiC content and sliding speed on the wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites. Mater Des. 2011;32(2):1066–71.10.1016/j.matdes.2010.06.047 ↗
31. Natarajan N, Vijayarangan S, Rajendran I. Wear behaviour of A356/25SiCp aluminium matrix composites sliding against automobile friction material. Wear. 2006;261(7–8):812–22.10.1016/j.wear.2006.01.011 ↗
32. Shafiei-Zarghani A, Kashani-Bozorg SF, Zarei-Hanzaki A. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al/Al2O3 surface nano-composite layer produced by friction stir processing. Mater Sci Eng A. 2009;500(1–2):84–91.10.1016/j.msea.2008.09.064 ↗
33. Bandil K, Vashisth H, Kumar S, Verma L, Jamwal A, Kumar D. Microstructural, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of Al – Si alloy reinforced with SiC metal matrix composite. J Compos Mat. 2019;53:4215–23. 10.1177/0021998319856679.10.1177/0021998319856679 ↗
34. Jamwal A, Vates UK, Gupta P, Aggarwal A, Sharma BP. Fabrication and characterization of Al2O3 – TiC-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Singapore: Springer; 2019.10.1007/978-981-13-6412-9_33 ↗
35. Mustansar C, Gupta P, Engineering M, Prakash A, Shimla G, Pradesh H. Advance research progresses in aluminium matrix composites: Manufacturing & applications. Integr Med Res. 2019;8(5):4924–39. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.028.10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.06.028 ↗
36. Garg P, Gupta P, Kumar D, Parkash O. Structural and mechanical properties of graphene reinforced aluminum matrix composites. J Mater Environ Sci. 2016;7(5):1461–73.
37. Ahamad N, Mohammad A. Wear, optimization and surface metal matrix composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng J. 2020;235:93–102. 10.1177/1350650120970432.10.1177/1350650120970432 ↗
38. Ahamad N, Mohammad A. Phase, microstructure and tensile strength of Al – Al 2 O 3 – C hybrid metal matrix composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng C. 2020;234(13):1–13. 10.1177/0954406220909846.10.1177/0954406220909846 ↗
39. Ahamad N, Mohammad A. Structural and mechanical characterization of stir cast Al – Al 2 O 3 – TiO 2 hybrid metal matrix composites. J Compos Mat. 2020;54:2985–97. 10.1177/0021998320906207.10.1177/0021998320906207 ↗
40. Jamwal A, Mittal P, Agrawal R, Gupta S, Kumar D, Sadasivuni KK. Towards sustainable copper matrix composites: Manufacturing routes with structural, mechanical, electrical and corrosion behaviour. J Compos Mat. 2020;54:2635–49. 10.1177/0021998319900655.10.1177/0021998319900655 ↗
41. Rahaman MN. Ceramic processing and sintering. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2017.10.1201/9781315274126 ↗
42. Jang BZ, Zhamu A. Processing of nanographene platelets (NGPs) and NGP nanocomposites: A review. J Mater Sci. 2008;43(15):5092–101.10.1007/s10853-008-2755-2 ↗
43. Carter CB, Norton MG. Ceramic materials: Science and engineering. Springer New York: Springer Science & Business Media; 2007.
44. Sujith SV, Mahapatra MM, Mulik RS. Microstructural characterization and experimental investigations into two body abrasive wear behavior of Al-7079/TiC in-situ metal matrix composites. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part J J Eng Tribol. 2020;234(4):588–607. 10.1177/1350650119883559.10.1177/1350650119883559 ↗
45. Mohapatra S, Chaubey AK, Mishra DK, Singh SK. Fabrication of Al – TiC composites by hot consolidation technique: Its microstructure and mechanical properties. Integr Med Res. 2015;5(2):117–22. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.07.001.10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.07.001 ↗
46. Moorthy CVKNSN, Kumar GN, Srinivas V, Kumar MA, Reddy K, Vasundhara DN, et al. Metallography, microstructure, and wear analysis of AA 6063/TiC composites for augmented dry sliding property at room. Temp Metallogr Microstruct Anal. 2020;9(2):140–51. 10.1007/s13632-020-00625-6.10.1007/s13632-020-00625-6 ↗
47. Prasad SV, Asthana R. Aluminum metal-matrix composites for automotive applications: Tribological considerations. Tribol Lett. 2004;17(3):445–53. 10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044492.91991.f3.10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044492.91991.f3 ↗
48. Kamrani S, Riedel R, Seyed Reihani SM, Kleebe HJ. Effect of reinforcement volume fraction on the mechanical properties of Alg -SiC nanocomposites produced by mechanical alloying and consolidation. J Compos Mater. 2010;44(3):313–26. 10.1177/0021998309347570.10.1177/0021998309347570 ↗
49. Prashantha Kumar HG, Anthony Xavior M. Effect of graphene addition and tribological performance of Al 6061/graphene flake composite. Tribol - Mater Surfaces Interfaces. 2017;11(2):88–97. 10.1080/17515831.2017.1329920.10.1080/17515831.2017.1329920 ↗
50. Dhand V, Rhee KY, Ju Kim H, Ho Jung D. A comprehensive review of graphene nanocomposites: Research status and trends. J Nanomater. 2013;2013:1–14. 10.1155/2013/763953.10.1155/2013/763953 ↗
51. Tabandeh-Khorshid M, Omrani E, Menezes PL, Rohatgi PK. Tribological performance of self-lubricating aluminum matrix nanocomposites: Role of graphene nanoplatelets. Eng Sci Technol an Int J. 2016;19(1):463–9. 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.09.005.10.1016/j.jestch.2015.09.005 ↗
52. Thomas S, Umasankar V. Review of recent progress in the development and properties of aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotube by powder metallurgy route. Mater Perform Charact. 2019;8(3):20180140. 10.1520/mpc20180140.10.1520/MPC20180140 ↗
53. Pan S, Saso T, Yu N, Sokoluk M, Yao G, Umehara N, et al. New study on tribological performance of AA7075-TiB2 nanocomposites. Tribol Int. May 2020;152:106565. 10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106565.10.1016/j.triboint.2020.106565 ↗
54. Khorashadizade F, Abazari S, Rajabi M, Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Ismail AF, Sharif S, et al. Overview of magnesium-ceramic composites: Mechanical, corrosion and biological properties. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:6034–66. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.10.141.10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.10.141 ↗
55. Hu Q, Zhao H, Li F. Microstructures and properties of SiC particles reinforced aluminum-matrix composites fabricated by vacuum-assisted high pressure die casting. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;680:270–7.10.1016/j.msea.2016.10.090 ↗
56. Arif S, Alam T, Ansari AH, Siddiqui MA, Mohsin M. Study of mechanical and tribological behaviour of Al/SiC/ZrO 2 hybrid composites fabricated through powder metallurgy technique. Mater Res Express 4:076511.10.1088/2053-1591/aa7b5f ↗
57. Almotairy SM, Alharthi NH, Alharbi HF, Abdo HS. Superior mechanical performance of inductively sintered Al/SiC nanocomposites processed by novel milling route. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–13. 10.1038/s41598-020-67198-w.10.1038/s41598-020-67198-w ↗
58. Pu B, Lin X, Li B, Chen X, He C, Zhao N. Effect of SiC nanoparticles on the precipitation behavior and mechanical properties of 7075Al alloy. J Mater Sci. 2020;55(14):6145–60. 10.1007/s10853-020-04381-4.10.1007/s10853-020-04381-4 ↗
59. Khajelakzay M, Bakhshi SR. Optimization of spark plasma sintering parameters of Si3N4-SiC composite using response surface methodology (RSM). Ceram Int. 2017;43(9):6815–21. 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.02.099.10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.02.099 ↗
60. Kutzhanov MK, Matveev AT, Kvashnin DG, Corthay S, Kvashnin AG, Konopatsky AS, et al. Al/SiC nanocomposites with enhanced thermomechanical properties obtained from microwave plasma-treated nanopowders. Mater Sci Eng A. Sep 2021;824:141817. 10.1016/J.MSEA.2021.141817.10.1016/j.msea.2021.141817 ↗
61. Pakseresht AH, Baghbaderani HA, Yazdani-Rad R. Role of different fractions of nano-size SiC and milling time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–SiC nanocomposites. Trans Indian Inst Met. 2016;69(5):1007–14.10.1007/s12666-015-0606-9 ↗
62. Walczak M, Pieniak D, Zwierzchowski M. The tribological characteristics of SiC particle reinforced aluminium composites. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2015;15(1):116–23.10.1016/j.acme.2014.05.003 ↗
63. Dhanashekar M, Loganathan P, Ayyanar S, Mohan SR, Sathish T. Mechanical and wear behaviour of AA6061/SiC composites fabricated by powder metallurgy method. Mater Today Proc. 2020;21:1008–12. 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.052.10.1016/j.matpr.2019.10.052 ↗
64. Shaikh MBN, Arif S, Aziz T, Waseem A, Shaikh MAN, Ali M. Microstructural, mechanical and tribological behaviour of powder metallurgy processed SiC and RHA reinforced Al-based composites. Surf Interfaces. 2019;15(May 2018):166–79. 10.1016/j.surfin.2019.03.002.10.1016/j.surfin.2019.03.002 ↗
65. Surya MS, Prasanthi G. Manufacturing, microstructural and mechanical characterization of powder metallurgy processed Al7075/SiC metal matrix composite. Mater Today Proc. 2020;39:1175–9. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.315.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.315 ↗
66. Mousavian RT, Khosroshahi RA, Yazdani S, Brabazon D, Boostani AF. Fabrication of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano-to micrometer-sized SiC particles. Mater Des. 2016;89:58–70.10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.130 ↗
67. Reddy MP, Shakoor RA, Parande G, Manakari V, Ubaid F, Mohamed A, et al. Enhanced performance of nano-sized SiC reinforced Al metal matrix nanocomposites synthesized through microwave sintering and hot extrusion techniques. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. 2017;27(5):606–14.10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.08.015 ↗
68. Manohar G, Maity SR, Pandey KM. Microstructural and mechanical properties of microwave sintered AA7075/graphite/SiC hybrid composite fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques. Silicon. 2021;14:5179–89. 10.1007/s12633-021-01299-7.10.1007/s12633-021-01299-7 ↗
69. Tan A, Teng J, Zeng X, Fu D, Zhang H. Fabrication of aluminium matrix hybrid composites reinforced with SiC microparticles and TiB2 nanoparticles by powder metallurgy. Powder Metall. 2017;60(1):66–72. 10.1080/00325899.2016.1274816.10.1080/00325899.2016.1274816 ↗
70. Roy P, Singh S, Pal K. Enhancement of mechanical and tribological properties of SiC-and CB-reinforced aluminium 7075 hybrid composites through friction stir processing. Adv Compos Mater. 2019;28(sup1):1–18.10.1080/09243046.2017.1405596 ↗
71. Bathula S, Anandani RC, Dhar A, Srivastava AK. Synthesis and characterization of Al-alloy/SiC p nanocomposites employing high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. Adv Mater Res. 2012;410:224–7. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.410.224.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.410.224 ↗
72. Li XP, Liu CY, Ma MZ, Liu RP. Microstructures and mechanical properties of AA6061-SiC composites prepared through spark plasma sintering and hot rolling. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;650:139–44. 10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.015.10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.015 ↗
73. Leszczyńska-madej B, Garbiec D, Madej M. Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and selected properties of spark plasma sintered Al-SiC composites. Vacuum. 2020;164(March 2019):250–5. 10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.03.033.10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.03.033 ↗
74. Surya MS. Effect of SiC weight percentage and sintering duration on microstructural and mechanical behaviour of Al6061/SiC composites produced by powder metallurgy technique. Silicon. 2021;14:2731–9. 10.1007/s12633-021-01053-z.10.1007/s12633-021-01053-z ↗
75. Reddy MP, Shakoor RA, Parande G, Manakari V, Ubaid F, Mohamed A, et al. Progress in natural science: Materials international enhanced performance of nano-sized SiC reinforced Al metal matrix nanocomposites synthesized through microwave sintering and hot extrusion techniques. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. 2017;27(5):606–14. 10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.08.015.10.1016/j.pnsc.2017.08.015 ↗
76. Rahman MH, Al Rashed HMM. Characterization of silicon carbide reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Procedia Eng. 2014;90:103–9. 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.821.10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.821 ↗
77. Devaganesh S, Kumar PKD, Venkatesh N, Balaji R. Study on the mechanical and tribological performances of hybrid SiC-Al7075 metal matrix composites. J Mater Res Technol. 2020;9(3):3759–66. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.002.10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.002 ↗
78. Ramkumar KR, Sivasankaran S, Al-mufadi FA, If TD, Siddharth S. ScienceDirect Investigations on microstructure, mechanical, and tribological behaviour of AA 7075 – x wt.% TiC composites for aerospace applications. Arch Civ Mech Eng. 2019;19(2):428–38. 10.1016/j.acme.2018.12.003.10.1016/j.acme.2018.12.003 ↗
79. Saravanan C, Subramanian K, Anandakrishnan V, Sathish S. Tribological behavior of AA7075-TiC composites by powder metallurgy. Ind Lubr Tribol. 2018;70:1066–71.10.1108/ILT-10-2017-0312 ↗
80. Baskaran S, Anandakrishnan V, Duraiselvam M. Investigations on dry sliding wear behavior of in situ casted AA7075 – TiC metal matrix composites by using Taguchi technique. J Mater. 2014;60:184–92. 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.074.10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.074 ↗
81. Nemati N, Khosroshahi R, Emamy M, Zolriasatein A. Investigation of microstructure, hardness and wear properties of Al-4.5wt.% Cu-TiC nanocomposites produced by mechanical milling. Mater Des. 2011;32(7):3718–29. 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.056.10.1016/j.matdes.2011.03.056 ↗
82. Ghasali E, Fazili A, Alizadeh M, Shirvanimoghaddam K. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-TiC metal matrix composite prepared by conventional, microwave and spark. Materials (Basel, Switzerland). 2017;10:1255. 10.3390/ma10111255.10.3390/ma10111255 ↗
83. Azimi A, Shokuhfar A, Nejadseyfi O. Mechanically alloyed Al7075 – TiC nanocomposite: Powder processing, consolidation and mechanical strength. Mater Des. 2015;66:137–41. 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.046.10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.046 ↗
84. Salur E, Acarer M, Şavkliyildiz İ. Improving mechanical properties of nano-sized TiC particle reinforced AA7075 Al alloy composites produced by ball milling and hot pressing. Mater Today Commun. Jun 2021;27:102202. 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102202.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102202 ↗
85. Kar C, Surekha B. Effect of red mud and TiC on friction and wear characteristics of Al 7075 metal matrix composites. Aust J Mech Eng. 2019;20:1–10.10.1080/14484846.2019.1651138 ↗
86. Rao VR, Ramanaiah N, Sarcar MMM. Tribological properties of aluminium metal matrix composites (AA7075 reinforced with titanium carbide (TiC) particles). Int J Adv Sci Technol. 2016;88:13–26.10.14257/ijast.2016.88.02 ↗
87. Devaneyan SP, Ganesh R, Senthilvelan T. On the Mechanical properties of hybrid aluminium 7075 Matrix composite material reinforced with SiC and TiC produced by powder metallurgy method. Indian J Mat Sci. 2017;2017:3067257.10.1155/2017/3067257 ↗
88. Cabeza M, Feijoo I, Merino P, Pena G, Pérez MC, Cruz S, et al. Effect of high energy ball milling on the morphology, microstructure and properties of nano-sized TiC particle-reinforced 6005A aluminium alloy matrix composite. Powder Technol. 2017;321:31–43. 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.089.10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.089 ↗
89. Gopalakrishnan S, Murugan N. Production and wear characterisation of AA 6061 matrix titanium carbide particulate reinforced composite by enhanced stir casting method. Compos Part B Eng. Mar 2012;43(2):302–8. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.049.10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.049 ↗
90. Zhang W, Zhou S, Ren W, Yang Y, Shi L, Zhou Q, et al. Uniformly dispersing GNPs for fabricating graphene-reinforced pure Ti matrix composites with enhanced strength and ductility. J Alloys Compd. 2021;888:161527. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161527.10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161527 ↗
91. Yang Y, Liu M, Zhou S, Ren W, Zhou Q, Shi L. Breaking through the strength-ductility trade-off in graphene reinforced Ti6Al4V composites. J Alloys Compd. 2021;871:159535. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159535.10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159535 ↗
92. Bartolucci SF, Paras J, Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Lee S, Kapoor D, et al. Graphene-aluminum nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A. 2011;528(27):7933–7. 10.1016/j.msea.2011.07.043.10.1016/j.msea.2011.07.043 ↗
93. Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. In: Rodgers P, editor. Nanoscience and technology: A collection of reviews from nature journals. Toh Tuck Link Singapore: World Scientific; 2010. p. 11–9.10.1142/9789814287005_0002 ↗
94. Yihong W, Zexiang S, Ting Y. Two-dimensional carbon: Fundamental properties, synthesis, characterization, and applications. New York: CRC Press; 2014.10.1201/b15656 ↗
95. Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker SI, Seal S. Graphene based materials: Past, present and future. Prog Mater Sci. 2011;56(8):1178–271. 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003 ↗
96. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science (80). 2008;321(5887):385–8.10.1126/science.1157996 ↗
97. Ruoff RS, Lorents DC. Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes. Carbon N Y. 1995;33(7):925–30.10.1016/0008-6223(95)00021-5 ↗
98. Chae SH, Lee YH. Carbon nanotubes and graphene towards soft electronics. Nano Converg. 2014;1(1):1–26.10.1186/s40580-014-0015-5 ↗
99. Mayorov AS, Gorbachev RV, Morozov SV, Britnell L, Jalil R, Ponomarenko LA, et al. Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature. Nano Lett. 2011;11(6):2396–9.10.1021/nl200758b ↗
100. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, et al. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 2008;8(3):902–7.10.1021/nl0731872 ↗