Carbon nanomaterials enhanced cement-based composites: advances and challenges
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Carbon nanomaterials, predominantly carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene nanoplates, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, possess superior chemical, physical and mechanical properties. They have been successfully introduced into ordinary Portland cement to give enhancements in terms of mechanical properties, durability and electrical/thermal conductivity, and to modify the functional properties, converting conventional cement-based materials into stronger, smarter and more durable composites. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the properties of carbon nanomaterials, current developments and novel techniques in carbon nanomaterials enhanced cement-based composites (CN-CBCs). Further study of the applications of CN-CBCs at industrial scale is also discussed.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Smart Materials for Construction · Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Carbon Nanotubes in Composites
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou 221116 , China
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Naganathan S., Singh C., Shen Y., Kiat P., Thiruchelvam S., Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering - A Review. Adv. Mater. Res., 2014, 935, 151-154.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.935.151 ↗
2. Liehr M., Janack S., The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering: a 21st century paradigm for nanotechnology-enabled education, innovation, and economic development, Nanotechnol. Rev., 2012, 1(4), 377-382.10.1515/ntrev-2012-0022 ↗
3. Raki L., Beaudoin J.J., Alizadeh R., Cement and Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Materials, 2010, 3(2), 918-942.10.3390/ma3020918 ↗
4. Sanchez F., Sobolev K., Nanotechnology in concrete – A review, Constr. Build. Mater., 2010, 24(11), 2060-2071.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.014 ↗
5. Roychand R., De Silva S., Law D., Setunge S., High volume fly ash cement composite modified with nano silica, hydrated lime and set accelerator, Mater. Struct., 2016, 49(5), 1997-2008.10.1617/s11527-015-0629-z ↗
6. Idriss K.A., Hashem E.Y., Abdel A., Ahmed H.M., Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminum Oxide in Portland Cement and Cement Clinker, Cem. Concr. Aggregates., 2001, 23(1), 57-65.10.1520/CCA10526J ↗
7. Boehm H.P., Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons, Carbon, 1994, 32(5), 759-769.10.1016/0008-6223(94)90031-0 ↗
8. Llobet E., Gas sensors using carbon nanomaterials: A review, Sens. Actuators, B, 2013, 179 32-45.10.1016/j.snb.2012.11.014 ↗
9. Jong K.D., Geus J., Carbon Nanofibers: Catalytic Synthesis and Applications, Catal. Rev., 2000, 42(4), 481-510.10.1081/CR-100101954 ↗
10. Zhou Z.P., Lai C.L., Zhang L.F., Qian Y., Hou H.Q., Reneker D.H., Fong H., Development of carbon nanofibers from aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles and characterization of their microstructural, electrical, and mechanical properties, Polymer, 2009, 50(13), 2999-3006.10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.058 ↗
11. Popov V.N., Carbon nanotubes: properties and application, Mater. Sci. Eng. R., 2004, 43(3), 61-102.10.1016/j.mser.2003.10.001 ↗
12. De Volder M.F.L., Tawfick S.H., Baughman R.H., Hart A.J., Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications, Science, 2013, 339(6119), 535-539.
13. Serp P., Corrias M., Kalck P., Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis, Appl. Catal., A, 2004, 253(2), 337-358.10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00549-0 ↗
14. Geim A.K., Novoselov K.S., The rise of graphene, Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(3), 183-191.10.1038/nmat1849 ↗
15. Zhu Y.W., Murali S., Cai W.W., Li X.S., Suk J.W., Potts J.R., Ruoff R.S., Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications, Adv. Mater., 2010, 22(35), 3906-3924.10.1002/adma.201001068 ↗
16. Compton O.C., Nguyen S.B.T., Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene: versatile building blocks for carbon-based materials, Small, 2010, 6(6), 711-723.10.1002/smll.200901934 ↗
17. Gómez-Navarro C., Meyer J.C., Sundaram R.S., Chuvilin A., Kurasch S., Burghard M., Kern K., Kaiser U., Atomic structure of reduced graphene oxide, Nano Lett., 2010, 10(4), 1144-1148.10.1021/nl9031617 ↗
18. Marcano D.C., Kosynkin D.V., Berlin J.M., Alexander S., Sun Z.Z., Alexander S., Alemany L.B., Lu W., Tour J.M., Improved synthesis of graphene oxide, ACS Nano, 2010, 4(8), 4806-4814.10.1021/nn1006368 ↗
19. Gholampour A., Valizadeh Kiamahalleh M., Tran D.N.H., Ozbakkaloglu T., Losic D., From Graphene Oxide to Reduced Graphene Oxide: Impact on the Physiochemical and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Cement Composites, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2017, 9(49), 43275-43286.10.1021/acsami.7b16736 ↗
20. Marinho B., Ghislandi M., Tkalya E., Koning C.E., With d.G., Electrical conductivity of compacts of graphene, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and graphite powder, Powder Technol., 2012, 221(5), 351-358.10.1016/j.powtec.2012.01.024 ↗
21. Bandaru P.R., Yamada H., Narayanan R., Hoefer M., The role of defects and dimensionality in influencing the charge, capacitance, and energy storage of graphene and 2D materials, Nanotechnol. Rev., 2017, 6(5), 421-433.10.1515/ntrev-2016-0099 ↗
22. Shu W., Bi H.C., Sun L.T., Graphene and carbon-based nanomaterials as highly efficient adsorbents for oils and organic solvents, Nanotechnol. Rev., 2016, 5(1), 3-22.10.1515/ntrev-2015-0062 ↗
23. Power A., Gorey B., Chandra S., Chapman J., Carbon nanomaterials and their application to electrochemical sensors: A review, Nanotechnol. Rev., 2017, 7(1), 16-41.10.1515/ntrev-2017-0160 ↗
24. Chen S.J., Collins F.G., Macleod A.J.N., Pan Z., Duan W.H., Wang C.M., Carbon nanotube–cement composites: A retrospect, IES J. Part A, Civ. Stru. Eng., 2011, 4(4), 254-265.10.1080/19373260.2011.615474 ↗
25. Ezzatollah S., Basquiroto D.S.F., Yao X.P., Emad B., Abozar A., Duan W.H., Graphene-based nanosheets for stronger and more durable concrete: A review, Constr. Build.Mater., 2018, 183, 642-660.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.201 ↗
26. Du H.J., Quek S., Pang S., Smart multifunctional cement mortar containing graphite nanoplatelet, Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems, 2013 International Society for Optics and Photonics, San Diego, California, USA, 2013, p. 869238.10.1117/12.2009005 ↗
27. Han B.G., Sun S.W., Ding S.Q., Zhang L.Q., Yu X., Ou J.P., Review of nanocarbon-engineered multifunctional cementitious composites, Composites, Part A, 2015, 70(70), 69-81.10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.12.002 ↗
28. Xu Y.D., Zeng J.Q., Chen W., Jin R.Y., Li B., Pan Z.H., A holistic review of cement composites reinforced with graphene oxide, Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 171, 291-302.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.147 ↗
29. Li H., Xiao H.G., Ou J.P., Effect of compressive strain on electrical resistivity of carbon black-filled cement-based composites, Cem. Concr. Compos., 2006, 28(9), 824-828.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.05.004 ↗
30. Tyson B.M., Asce S.M., Al-Rub R.K.A., Asce M., Yazdanbakhsh A., Grasley Z., Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers for Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Cementitious Materials, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2011, 23(7), 1028-1035.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000266 ↗
31. Li G.Y., Wang P.M., Zhao X.H., Mechanical behavior and microstructure of cement composites incorporating surface-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 2005, 43(6), 1239-1245.10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.017 ↗
32. Zhang L.F., Wang X.X., Zhao Y., Zhu Z.T., Hao F., Electrospun carbon nano-felt surface-attached with Pd nanoparticles for hydrogen sensing application, Mater. Lett., 2012, 68(1), 133-136.10.1016/j.matlet.2011.10.064 ↗
33. Carbon Nanofiber Applications & Properties, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/china-mainland/zh/technical-documents/articles/materials-science/nanomaterials/carbon-nanofibers.html
34. Carbon nanotubes – what they are, how they are made, what they are used for, https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/introduction/introduction_to_nanotechnology_22.php
35. Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes, https://www.nano-lab.com/single-walled-carbon-nanotubes.html
36. Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, https://www.nano-lab.com/nanotubes-research-grade.html
37. Tiwari A., Syvajarvi M., Graphene Materials: Fundamentals and Emerging Applications (Advanced Material Series), Wiley-Scrivener, 2015.10.1002/9781119131816 ↗
38. Peigney A., Laurent C., Flahaut E., Bacsa R.R., Rousset A., Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 2001, 39(4), 507-514.10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00155-X ↗
39. Nieto A., Bisht A., Lahiri D., Zhang C., Agarwal A., Graphene reinforced metal and ceramic matrix composites: a review, Metall. Rev., 2016, 62(5), 241-302.10.1080/09506608.2016.1219481 ↗
40. Rhee I., Kim Y.A., Shin G.O., Kim J.H.,Muramatsu H., Compressive strength sensitivity of cement mortar using rice husk-derived graphene with a high specific surface area, Constr. Build. Mater., 2015, 96, 189-197.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.016 ↗
41. Lee C.G., Wei X.D., Kysar J.W., Hone J., Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene, Science, 2008, 321(5887), 385-388.
42. Balandin A.A., Ghosh S., Bao W.Z., Calizo I., Teweldebrhan D., Miao F., Lau C.N., Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene, Nano Lett., 2008, 8(3), 902-907.10.1021/nl0731872 ↗
43. Ghosh S., Calizo I., Teweldebrhan D., Pokatilov E., Nika D., Balandin A., Bao W.Z., Miao F., Lau J., Extremely High Thermal Conductivity of Graphene: Prospects for Thermal Management Applications in Nanoelectronic Circuits, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92(15), 151911.10.1063/1.2907977 ↗
44. Mayhew E., Prakash V., Thermal conductivity of individual carbon nanofibers, Carbon, 2013, 62(10), 493-500.10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.048 ↗
45. Kim C., Jeong Y.I., Ngoc B.T.N., Yang K.S., Masahito K., Kim Y.A., Morinobu E., Lee J.W., Synthesis and characterization of porous carbon nanofibers with hollow cores through the thermal treatment of electrospun copolymeric nanofiber webs, Small, 2010, 3(1), 91-95.10.1002/smll.200600243 ↗
46. Ebbesen T.W., Lezec H.J., Hiura H., Bennett J.W., Ghaemi HF, Thio T. Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes, Nature, 1996, 382(6586), 54-56.
47. Kwon Y.K., Kim P., Unusually High Thermal Conductivity in Carbon Nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 84(20), 4613-4616.10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4613 ↗
48. Odom T.W., Huang J.L., Kim P., Lieber C.M., Atomic structure and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nature, 1998, 391(6662), 62-64.
49. Ruoff R.S., Lorents D.C., Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 1995, 33(7), 925-930.10.1016/0008-6223(95)00021-5 ↗
50. Mahanta N.K., Abramson A.R., Thermal conductivity of graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets, Thermal & Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems IEEE(ITherm), 2012.10.1109/ITHERM.2012.6231405 ↗
51. Kim J., Cote L.J., Kim F., Yuan W., Shull K.R., Huang J.X., Graphene oxide sheets at interfaces, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132(23), 8180-8186.10.1021/ja102777p ↗
52. Goki E., Giovanni F., Manish C., Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material, Nat. Nanotechnol, 2008, 3(5), 270-274.10.1038/nnano.2008.83 ↗
53. Fang X.Y., Yu X.X., Zheng H.M., Jin H.B., Li W., Cao M.S., Temperature- and thickness-dependent electrical conductivity of few-layer graphene and graphene nanosheets, Phys. Lett. A, 2015, 379(37), 2245-2251.10.1016/j.physleta.2015.06.063 ↗
54. Le J.L., Du H.J., Pang S.D., Use of 2D Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP) in cement composites for structural health evaluation, Composites, Part B., 2014, 67, 555-563.10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.005 ↗
55. Naoto S., Yuki U., Kaoru A., Nobuyo N., Masayuki S., Kazuo H., Nobuhide O., Koichi N., Norio I., Hiroyuki K., Carbon nanotubes: biomaterial applications, Chem. Soc. Rev, 2009, 38(7), 1897-1903.10.1039/b804822n ↗
56. Reddy S., Xu X.T., He L.M., Ramakrishana S., Allotropic carbon (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) based biomaterials for neural regeneration, Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng., 2018, 6, 120-129.10.1016/j.cobme.2018.05.001 ↗
57. Karwowska E., Antibacterial potential of nanocomposite-based materials – a short review, Nanotechnol. Rev, 2017, 6(2), 243-254.10.1515/ntrev-2016-0046 ↗
58. Bi S., Su X.J., Hou G.L., Liu C.H., Song W.L., Cao M.S., Electrical conductivity and microwave absorption of shortened multi-walled carbon nanotube/alumina ceramic composites, Ceram. Int., 2013, 39(5), 5979-5983.10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.12.057 ↗
59. Shin J.H., Hong S.H., Fabrication and properties of reduced graphene oxide reinforced yttria-stabilized zirconia composite ceramics, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc, 2014, 34(5), 1297-1302.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.11.034 ↗
60. Coleman J.N., Khan U., BlauW.J., Gun’Ko Y.K., Small but strong: A review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–polymer composites, Carbon, 2006, 44(9), 1624-1652.10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.038 ↗
61. Thostenson E.T., Ren Z., Chou T.W., Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review, Compos. Sci. Technol, 2001, 61(13), 1899-1912.10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00094-X ↗
62. Song W.L., Veca L.M., Anderson A., Cao M.S., Sun Y.P., Lightweight nanocomposite materials with enhanced thermal transport properties, Nanotechnol. Rev., 2012, 1(4), 363-376.10.1515/ntrev-2012-0023 ↗
63. Collins F., Lambert J., Duan W.H., The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube– OPC paste mixtures, Cem. Concr. Compos., 2012, 34(2), 201-207.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.013 ↗
64. Sun Y.P., Fu K.F., Lin Y., Huang W.J., Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications, Acc. Chem. Res., 2002, 35(12), 1096-1104.10.1021/ar010160v ↗
65. Sobolkina A., Mechtcherine V., Khavrus V., Maier D., Mende M., Ritschel M., Leonhardt A., Dispersion of carbon nanotubes and its influence on the mechanical properties of the cement matrix, Cem. Concr. Compos., 2012, 34(10), 1104-1113.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.07.008 ↗
66. Chuah S., Li W.G., Chen S.J., Sanjayan J.G., Duan W.H., Investigation on dispersion of graphene oxide in cement composite using different surfactant treatments, Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 161, 519-527.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.154 ↗
67. Li H., Zhang Q.Q., Xiao H.G., Self-deicing road system with a CNFP high-efficiency thermal source and MWCNT/cement-based high-thermal conductive composites, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 2013, 86(2), 22-35.10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.10.007 ↗
68. Wang B.M., Zhang Y., Liu S., Influence of Carbon Nanofibers on the Mechanical Performance and Microstructure of Cement-Based Materials, Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Lett., 2013, 5(10), 1112-1118.10.1166/nnl.2013.1679 ↗
69. Wang H., Gao X.J., Wang R., The influence of rheological parameters of cement paste on the dispersion of carbon nanofibers and self-sensing performance, Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 134, 673-683.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.176 ↗
70. Barbhuiya S., Chow P., Nanoscaled Mechanical Properties of Cement Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanofibers, Materials, 2017, 10(6), 662-672.10.3390/ma10060662 ↗
71. Alrub R.K.A., Tyson B.M., Yazdanbakhsh A., Grasley Z., Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposite Cement Incorporating Surface-Treated and Untreated Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanofibers, J. Nanomechanics. Micromechanics., 2012, 2(1), 1-6.10.1061/(ASCE)NM.2153-5477.0000041 ↗
72. Zou B., Chen S.J., Korayem A.H., Collins F., Wang C.M., Duan W.H., Effect of ultrasonication energy on engineering properties of carbon nanotube reinforced cement pastes, Carbon, 2015, 85, 212-220.10.1016/j.carbon.2014.12.094 ↗
73. Luo J.L., Duan Z.D., Li H., The influence of surfactants on the processing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in reinforced cement matrix composites, Phy. Status Solidi A, 2010, 206(12), 2783-2790.10.1002/pssa.200824310 ↗
74. Wang B.M., Han Y., Liu S., Effect of highly dispersed carbon nanotubes on the flexural toughness of cement-based composites, Constr. Build. Mater., 2013, 46(46), 8-12.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.014 ↗
75. Isfahani F.T., Li W.W., Redaelli E., Dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and its effects on the properties of cement composites, Cem. Concr. Compos., 2016, 74, 154-163.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.09.007 ↗
76. Fakhim B., Hassani A., Rashidi A., Ghodousi P., Preparation and microstructural properties study on cement composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Compos. Mater., 2015, 49(1), 85-98.10.1177/0021998313514873 ↗
77. LiW.G., Li X.Y., Chen S.J., Liu Y.M., Duan W.H., Shah S.P., Effects of graphene oxide on early-age hydration and electrical resistivity of Portland cement paste, Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 136, 506-514.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.066 ↗
78. Ghazizadeh S., Duffour P., Skipper N.T., Bai Y., Understanding the behaviour of graphene oxide in Portland cement paste, Cem. Concr. Res., 2018, 111, 169-182.10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.016 ↗
79. Liu Q., Xu Q.F., Yu Q., Gao R.D., Tong T., Experimental investigation on mechanical and piezoresistive properties of cementitious materials containing graphene and graphene oxide nanoplatelets, Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 127, 565-576.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.024 ↗
80. Wang B.M., Jiang R.S., Wu Z.L., Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Cement Composite, Nanomaterials, 2016, 6(11), 200-215.10.3390/nano6110200 ↗
81. Tragazikis I.K., Dassios K.G., Dalla P.T., Exarchos D.A., Matikas T.E., Acoustic emission investigation of the effect of graphene on the fracture behavior of cement mortars, Eng. Fract. Mech., 2019, 210, 444-451.10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.01.004 ↗
82. Meng W.N., Khayat K.H., Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance concrete enhanced with graphite nanoplatelets and carbon nanofibers, Composites, Part B., 2016, 107, 113-122.10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.069 ↗
83. Hoon H., Fortner J.D., Hughes J.B., Kim J.H., Natural organic matter stabilizes carbon nanotubes in the aqueous phase, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41(1), 179-184.10.1021/es061817g ↗
84. Strano M.S., Moore V.C., Miller M.K., Allen M.J., Haroz E.H., Kittrell C., Hauge R.H., Smalley R.E., The role of surfactant adsorption during ultrasonication in the dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2003, 3(1), 81-86.10.1166/jnn.2003.194 ↗
85. Higashitani K., Yoshida K., Tanise N., Murata H., Dispersion of coagulated colloids by ultrasonication, Colloids Surf., A, 1993, 81(93), 167-175.10.1016/0927-7757(93)80243-8 ↗
86. Gao Y., Jing H.W., Chen S.J., Du M.R., Chen W.Q., Duan W.H., Influence of ultrasonication on the dispersion and enhancing effect of graphene oxide–carbon nanotube hybrid nanoreinforcement in cementitious composite, Composites, Part B., 2019, 164, 45-53.10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.066 ↗
87. Chen S.J., Zou B., Collins F., Zhao X.L., Majumber M, Duan WH. Predicting the influence of ultrasonication energy on the reinforcing efficiency of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, 2014, 77, 1-10.10.1016/j.carbon.2014.04.023 ↗
88. Chen S.J., Li C.Y., Wang Q., Duan W.H., Reinforcing mechanism of graphene at atomic level: Friction, crack surface adhesion and 2D geometry, Carbon, 2017, 114, 557-565.10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.034 ↗
89. Gao Y., Jing H.W., Zhou Z.F., Fractal analysis of pore structures in graphene oxide-carbon nanotube based cementitious pastes under different ultrasonication, Nanotechnol. Rev., 2019, 8(1), 107-115.10.1515/ntrev-2019-0010 ↗
90. Musso S., Tulliani J.M., Ferro G., Tagliaferro A., Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites, Compos. Sci. Technol., 2009, 69(11), 1985-1990.10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002 ↗
91. Murugan M., Santhanam M., Gupta S.S., Pradeep T., Shah S.P., Influence of 2D rGO nanosheets on the properties of OPC paste, Cem. Concr. Compos., 2016, 70, 48-59.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.03.005 ↗
92. Gong K., Pan Z., Korayem A.H., Ling Q., Li D., Collins F., Wang C.M., Duan W.H., Reinforcing Effects of Graphene Oxide on Portland Cement Paste, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2015, 27(2), 1-6.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001125 ↗
93. Peyvandi A., Soroushian P., Abdol N., Balachandra A.M., Surface-modified graphite nanomaterials for improved reinforcement efficiency in cementitious paste, Carbon, 2013, 63(2), 175-186.10.1016/j.carbon.2013.06.069 ↗
94. Tamimi A., Hassan N.M., Fattah K., Talachi A., Performance of cementitious materials produced by incorporating surface treated multiwall carbon nanotubes and silica fume, Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 114, 934-945.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.216 ↗
95. Chen S.J., Wang W., Sagoe-Crentsil K., Collins F., Zhao X.L., Majumder M., Duan W.H., Distribution of carbon nanotubes in fresh ordinary Portland cement pastes: understanding from a two-phase perspective, RSC Adv., 2016, 6(7), 5745-5753.10.1039/C5RA13511G ↗
96. Taylor H.F.W., Cement chemistry / 2nd ed, Thomas Telford, London, 1997.10.1680/cc.25929 ↗
97. Chen S.J., Qiu C.Y., Korayem A.H., Barati M.R., Duan W.H., Agglomeration process of surfactant-dispersed carbon nanotubes in unstable dispersion: A two-stage agglomeration model and experimental evidence, Powder Technol., 2016, 301, 412-420.10.1016/j.powtec.2016.06.033 ↗
98. Stephens C., Brown L., Sanchez F., Quantification of the reagglomeration of carbon nanofiber aqueous dispersion in cement pastes and effect on the early age flexural response, Carbon, 2016, 107, 482-500.10.1016/j.carbon.2016.05.076 ↗
99. Lu Z.Y., Hou D.S., Hanif A., Hao W.B., Sun G.X., Li Z.J., Comparative evaluation on the dispersion and stability of graphene oxide in water and cement pore solution by incorporating silica fume, Cem. Concr. Compos., 2019, 94, 33-42.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.08.011 ↗
100. Gao Y., Jing H.W., Du M.R., Chen W.Q., Dispersion of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Stabilized by Humic Acid in Sustainable Cement Composites, Nanomaterials, 2018, 8(10), 858-871.10.3390/nano8100858 ↗