Temperature-Dependent SERS Detection Using CVD-Grown MoSe₂ Nanoflakes

MoSe 2 is a promising surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate because of its cost-effectiveness, simple synthesis, exceptional optical properties, high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and conducive biocompatibility. In this study, we synthesize MoSe 2 nanoflakes with different morphologies over a large area (centimeter scale) on Mo and Si substrates using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. These pristine MoSe 2 films are employed as SERS substrates to detect melamine, bilirubin, vitamin B 12, and Rhodamine 6G (R6G). Strong vibronic coupling during the charge transfer (CT) process facilitates resonance in photoinduced charge transfer (PICT) to enhance SERS activity. We obtain the excellent detection limits of 10 –9 M for melamine, 10 –10 M for bilirubin, 10 –9 M for vitamin B 12, and 10 –11 M for R6G with MoSe 2 /Si SERS substrate, while detection limits of 10 –6 M for melamine, 10 –9 M for bilirubin, 10 –8 M for vitamin B 12, and 10 –10 M for R6G are observed with MoSe 2 /Mo as SERS substrate. We could observe near single molecule detection for R6G (2 and 11 molecules for MoSe 2 /Si and MoSe 2 /Mo substrates, respectively) and bilirubin (18 molecules for MoSe 2 /Si). Quantitative analysis of degree of charge transfer deepens understanding of SERS signal enhancement. As per our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of low-temperature SERS activity on pristine MoSe 2 films, revealing enhanced SERS performance due to synergistic PICT and Fano resonance. The pristine MoSe 2 -based SERS substrate offers an in situ, efficient approach for trace detection, with medical and environmental monitoring, food safety, and surface contamination analysis applications.