Chemiresistive Sensor Based on Sn-Doped β-Ga₂O₃ Nanorods for the Selective Detection of Formaldehyde

This study proposes an approach utilizing a low-cost precipitation technique to synthesize undoped and Sn-doped β-Ga 2 O 3 materials for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), viz., isopropanol, formaldehyde, acetone, toluene, and ethanol. It is found from the field emission secondary electron spectroscopy that the nanorod-like structures are grown, while X-ray diffraction data shows that the β-phase of Ga 2 O 3 is obtained. It was also observed that β-Ga 2 O 3 remains monoclinic upon 5 wt % Sn doping; however, a secondary SnO 2 phase is formed when the doping is increased to 5.3 wt %. Several spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy, were used to understand the structure–property correlations. It was established that the carrier concentration in β-Ga 2 O 3, upon Sn doping, plays a crucial role in VOC sensing, as is evident from the Hall measurements. It is established that both undoped and Sn-doped β-Ga 2 O 3 nanorod-based chemiresistive sensor devices are highly selective to formaldehyde. A maximum response of 333.35% was achieved with 5 wt % Sn doping for the detection of formaldehyde at 300 °C with a concentration of 300 ppm, which is significantly higher than other doped and undoped samples. Interestingly, above 5 wt % Sn doping, a secondary phase of SnO 2 forms a heterojunction with β-Ga 2 O 3; thereby, an effective carrier concentration is reduced even if the dopant (Sn) concentration is high, making the response of the sensor device low. The phenomenon was explained on the basis of band diagrams and correlated with the carrier concentrations of the doped samples.