Transformation from Hydrogels to Nanostructured Aerogels: Review and Future Perspectives

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Hydrogels and aerogels, both derived from three-dimensional gel networks, have gained prominence across various applications including biomedical, environmental, and energy fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. Hydrogels are water-swollen polymer networks prized for biocompatibility and stimuli responsiveness, while aerogels, characterized by ultralow density and high porosity, offer superior performance in thermal insulation, catalysis, and sensing. The transformation from hydrogel to aerogel, primarily governed by the drying process, is critical to preserving structural integrity and achieving desired functionalities. This review explores sol–gel synthesis strategies and compares major drying techniques, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and influence on final aerogel properties. We further review recent advances in hydrogel materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid systems, and how their tailored structures contribute to aerogel performance. Future innovations are anticipated through molecular-level design, cellular structure computation, and AI-driven manufacturing optimization. Addressing challenges in cost, scalability, and long-term stability will be pivotal in transitioning aerogels from niche materials to transformative solutions in fields such as energy storage, environmental remediation, biomedicine, aerospace, and others.