Dynamic nanostructures based on DNA self-assembly: from molecular switches to intelligent biomedical applications

DNA self-assembly technology, characterized by its molecular-level precision, programmability, and biocompatibility, has emerged as a fundamental tool for constructing dynamic nanostructures. In recent years, the integration of stimulus-responsive modules and dynamic regulatory mechanisms has effectively overcome the limitations of traditional static structures, enabling remote, reversible, and controllable regulation of nanoscale behaviors. It opens new possibilities for the interdisciplinary development of intelligent nanosystems with environmental responsiveness and adaptive capabilities. This article systematically reviews the latest research progress in dynamic DNA nanostructures over the past five years. Initially, the design principles and regulatory mechanisms are introduced, emphasizing the examination of strategies for conformational changes triggered by various stimuli, including light, pH, temperature, metal ions, and enzymes. Subsequently, the innovative applications of these dynamic structures in biomedicine and molecular computing are explored in greater detail. Finally, based on a summary of the current technical bottlenecks, we looked ahead to the future development directions of this technology in the field of precision medical interventions.