Cytotoxic effects of green synthesis Se/ZnO nanoparticles on Allium cepa and their potential to inhibit mycotoxin synthesis

Despite their dubious safety, nanoparticles (NPs) are beneficial in many areas, particularly in agriculture. Though a variety of commercial nano- fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides are available, little is known about their potential detrimental effects on plant cells. A Se/ZnO nanoparticle complex was synthesized utilizing Ficus nitida fruit extract as both a reducing and stabilizing agent, yielding an eco-friendly product.The common food plant Allium cepa was treated with Se/ZnO NP suspension. Transmission electron microscopic analyses of the NPs were performed, including Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR characterizations.This study examined the cytological impact and chromosomal patterns of Allium cepa root meristems after treatment by Se/ZnO-NPs. Results show that all applied concentrations of NPs decreased the mitotic index (MI). The many chromosomal defects that were caused by NPs included disrupted and sticky chromosomes. Aflatoxin levels (B1, B2, G1, G2) were quantified in vegetables inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. Tomatoes and potatoes showed the highest contamination, in contrast, garlic and beet exhibited minimal or undetectable levels, suggesting resistance. The effect of Se/ZnO-NPs (0 to 40 ppm) on A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production was evaluated. While 5 ppm stimulated growth, higher concentrations significantly reduced both biomass and aflatoxins. These findings suggest that Se/ZnO- NPs treatment as an effective strategy to suppress A. flavus and its toxin production in contaminated crops.