Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Biochar-Enabled Microbial Fuel Cell for Concurrent Bioelectrochemical Energy Recovery and Wastewater Remediation

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are emerging as biomimetic bioelectrochemical systems that emulate naturally occurring microbial electron-transfer pathways for stimulus bioenergy generation and wastewater remediation. In this study, food–vegetable leachate (FVL) and sugarcane bagasse-derived biol were evaluated in combination with carbon fiber (CF) and biochar-modified carbon fiber (BCF) electrodes used as membrane components in MFCs. Four configurations, in duplicate, were constructed by coupling two substrates (biol or FVL) with two membrane types (CF and BCF). All systems exhibited progressive anodic acidification and up to a 55% increase in electrical conductivity. The highest voltage output was achieved in MFC-BL-2 (404.59 mV), followed by MFC-FL-1, driven by synergistic interactions between the substrate and biochar-enhanced conductive networks. MFC-FL-1 also demonstrated superior contaminant removal performance, achieving 60% COD reduction, 36% BOD reduction, and 50% NH4+–N removal. SEM–EDS analysis confirmed that biochar-modified electrodes developed a porous structure and substantially enhanced microbial adhesion. FVL-fed systems formed dispersed electroactive biofilms that facilitated electron transfer, whereas biol-fed systems developed compact biofilms that constrained electron flux. By integrating waste-derived lignocellulosic materials with electroactive microbial consortia, this work advances a biomimetic circular bioengineering platform for sustainable bioelectrochemical recovery and wastewater remediation.