journal article·2023-06-09Open access

Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tendon Tissue Regeneration

Lvxing Huang, Le Chen, Hengyi Chen, Manju Wang, Letian Jin, Shenghai Zhou, Lexin Gao, Ruwei Li, Quan Li, Hanchang Wang, Can Zhang, Junjuan Wang

Biomimetics· Volume 8· Issue 2

Abstract

Tendon tissue connects muscle to bone and plays crucial roles in stress transfer. Tendon injury remains a significant clinical challenge due to its complicated biological structure and poor self-healing capacity. The treatments for tendon injury have advanced significantly with the development of technology, including the use of sophisticated biomaterials, bioactive growth factors, and numerous stem cells. Among these, biomaterials that the mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) of tendon tissue would provide a resembling microenvironment to improve efficacy in tendon repair and regeneration. In this review, we will begin with a description of the constituents and structural features of tendon tissue, followed by a focus on the available biomimetic scaffolds of natural or synthetic origin for tendon tissue engineering. Finally, we will discuss novel strategies and present challenges in tendon regeneration and repair.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Tendon Structure and Treatment · Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications · Laser Applications in Dentistry and Medicine

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Savaid Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China

School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China

School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China

School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China

Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Funding

National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students · Science and Technological Innovation Project for College Students in Zhejiang Province

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Biology of tendon injury: Healing, modeling and remodeling
2. The cell and developmental biology of tendons and ligaments10.1016/S0074-7696(00)96003-0 ↗
3. Tendon injury: From biology to tendon repair10.1038/nrrheum.2015.26 ↗
4. Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair10.1002/jor.22806 ↗
5. Mechanical properties of collagen fibres: A comparison of reconstituted and rat tail tendon fibres10.1016/0142-9612(89)90007-0 ↗
6. Regeneration and repair of tendon and ligament tissue using collagen fibre biomaterials10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.002 ↗
7. Rapid fabrication of tendon-like collagen gel via simultaneous fibre alignment and intermolecular cross-linking under mechanical loading10.1088/1748-605X/ac7305 ↗
8. Taylor, S.H., Al-Youha, S., Van Agtmael, T., Lu, Y., Wong, J., McGrouther, D.A., and Kadler, K.E. (2011). Tendon Is Covered by a Basement Membrane Epithelium That Is Required for Cell Retention and the Prevention of Adhesion Formation. PLoS ONE, 6.10.1371/journal.pone.0016337 ↗
9. The blood-tendon barrier: Identification and characterisation of a novel tissue barrier in tendon blood vessels10.22203/eCM.v031a19 ↗
10. Recovery periods restore mechanosensitivity to dynamically loaded bone10.1242/jeb.204.19.3389 ↗
11. Tendon and ligament regeneration and repair: Clinical relevance and developmental paradigm10.1002/bdrc.21041 ↗
12. Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Efficacy of Conservative and Surgical (Percutaneous, Open) Treatment—A Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial10.1053/j.jfas.2019.02.002 ↗
13. Effects of perioperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration on soft tissue healing: A systematic review of clinical outcomes after sports medicine orthopaedic surgery procedures10.1177/2325967119838873 ↗
14. The biological effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (eswt) on tendon tissue
15. Current opinions on tendinopathy
16. Current Progress in Tendon and Ligament Tissue Engineering10.1007/s13770-019-00196-w ↗
17. Biomimetic strategies for tendon/ligament-to-bone interface regeneration10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.022 ↗
18. Surgery, Surgical treatment of chronic achilles tendinopathy: Long-term results of the endoscopic technique10.1053/j.jfas.2013.03.031 ↗
19. Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70058-X ↗
20. Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue/organ regenerative engineering10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119536 ↗
21. Structure of the tendon connective tissue10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010006312.x ↗
22. Cellular and molecular maturation in fetal and adult ovine calcaneal tendons10.1111/joa.12269 ↗
23. The Multicomposite Structure of Tendon10.3109/03008207809152283 ↗
24. Interaction Between Collagen Type I and Type III in Conditioning Bundles Organization10.3109/03008207709152608 ↗
25. MRI of the achilles tendon: A comprehensive review of the anatomy, biomechanics, and imaging of overuse tendinopathies10.3109/02841851003627809 ↗
26. Collagen fibrils in vitro grow from pointed tips in the C-to N-terminal direction
27. Type V collagen controls the initiation of collagen fibril assembly10.1074/jbc.M409622200 ↗
28. A Clinical, Biological, and Biomaterials Perspective into Tendon Injuries and Regeneration10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0181 ↗
29. Tendon Biomechanics and Mechanobiology—A minireview of basic concepts and recent advancements10.1016/j.jht.2011.07.004 ↗
30. Genetic Evidence for the Coordinated Regulation of Collagen Fibrillogenesis in the Cornea by Decorin and Biglycan10.1074/jbc.M806590200 ↗
31. Tendon structure and composition10.1007/978-3-319-33943-6_1 ↗
32. Biologics for tendon repair10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.015 ↗
33. Zhao, X., Wang, Y., Shang, Q., Li, Y., Hao, H., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Yang, G., Xie, Z., and Wang, R. (2015). Collagen-Like Proteins (ClpA, ClpB, ClpC, and ClpD) Are Required for Biofilm Formation and Adhesion to Plant Roots by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. PLoS ONE, 10.10.1371/journal.pone.0117414 ↗
34. Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis10.1242/jcs.01731 ↗
35. Fell Muir Lecture: Collagen fibril formation in vitro and in vivo10.1111/iep.12224 ↗
36. Building Collagen Molecules, Fibrils, and Suprafibrillar Structures10.1006/jsbi.2002.4450 ↗
37. Structure-function relationships in tendons: A review10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00864.x ↗
38. Mechanobiology of tendon10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.011 ↗
39. Protease-Activated Receptors in the Achilles Tendon–A Potential Explanation for the Excessive Pain Signalling in Tendinopathy10.1186/s12990-015-0007-4 ↗
40. Procollagen intermediates during tendon fibrillogenesis10.1177/36.11.3049791 ↗
41. Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the Global Burden of Disease study 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 201910.1016/S0140-6736(20)32340-0 ↗
42. Estimating the burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the community: The comparative prevalence of symptoms at different anatomical sites, and the relation to social deprivation10.1136/ard.57.11.649 ↗
43. Rate of improvement of pain and function in mid-portion achilles tendinopathy with loading protocols: A systematic review and longitudinal meta-analysis10.1007/s40279-018-0932-2 ↗
44. The Economic Impact of Extensor Tendon Lacerations of the Hand in the United States10.1097/SAP.0000000000002927 ↗
45. Economic and Performance Impact of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in National Basketball Association Players10.1177/23259671211026617 ↗
46. Tendon tissue engineering: Cells, growth factors, scaffolds and production techniques10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.040 ↗
47. Biomaterials strategies to balance inflammation and tenogenesis for tendon repair10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.043 ↗
48. Bringing tendon biology to heel: Leveraging mechanisms of tendon development, healing, and regeneration to advance therapeutic strategies10.1002/dvdy.269 ↗
49. Loiselle, A.E., Frisch, B.J., Wolenski, M., Jacobson, J.A., Calvi, L.M., Schwarz, E.M., Awad, H.A., and O’keefe, R.J. (2012). Bone marrow-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 is associated with fibrous adhesion formation after murine flexor tendon injury. PLoS ONE, 7.10.1371/journal.pone.0040602 ↗
51. Gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 in rabbit zone ii flexor tendon wound healing: Evidence for dual mechanisms of repair10.1097/00006534-199709001-00016 ↗
52. Changes in macrophage phenotype as the immune response evolves10.1016/j.coph.2013.05.013 ↗
53. Changes in macrophage phenotype and induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition genes following acute Achilles tenotomy and repair10.1002/jor.22624 ↗
54. Effect of growth factors on matrix synthesis by ligament fibroblasts10.1002/jor.1100150104 ↗
55. Matrix metabolism and healing in the flexor tendon. Experimental studies on rabbit tendon. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery
56. An experimental study of the changes following silastic rod preparation of a new tendon sheath and subsequent tendon grafting10.2106/00004623-197355060-00002 ↗
57. Tendon healing: Repair and regeneration10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150122 ↗
58. Cell morphology and collagen types in equine tendon scar10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32713-9 ↗
59. Stress deprivation effect on metabolic turnover of the medial collateral ligament collagen. A comparison between nine- and 12-week immobilization10.1097/00003086-198301000-00042 ↗
60. Lui, P.P.Y., and Ng, S.W. (2013). Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, Elsevier.
61. Stem cell technology for tendon regeneration: Current status, challenges, and future research directions
62. Preferential tendon stem cell response to growth factor supplementation10.1002/term.1852 ↗
63. Engineering human neo-tendon tissue in vitro with human dermal fibroblasts under static mechanical strain10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.054 ↗
64. Skin-derived tenocyte-like cells for the treatment of patellar tendinopathy10.1177/0363546510387095 ↗
65. Human wound contraction: Collagen organization, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts10.1097/00006534-199807000-00019 ↗
66. Embryonic Stem Cells: Prospects for Developmental Biology and Cell Therapy10.1152/physrev.00054.2003 ↗
67. Regenerative properties of fetal sheep tendon are not adversely affected by transplantation into an adult environment10.1002/jor.20271 ↗
68. Epidermal stem cells10.2741/1861 ↗
69. The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy10.1038/nature10761 ↗
70. Molecular obstacles to clinical translation of iPSCs10.1016/j.stem.2016.06.017 ↗
71. Genetic and Epigenetic Variations in iPSCs: Potential Causes and Implications for Application10.1016/j.stem.2013.07.001 ↗
72. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow10.1038/nature00870 ↗
73. Progress in cell-based therapies for tendon repair10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.023 ↗
74. Mechanobiological response of tendon stem cells: Implications of tendon homeostasis and pathogenesis of tendinopathy10.1002/jor.21046 ↗
75. Stem cells: Their source, potency and use in regenerative therapies with focus on adipose-derived stem cells–a review10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.011 ↗
76. Comparison of Potentials of Stem Cells Isolated from Tendon and Bone Marrow for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0362 ↗
77. Identification of tendon stem/progenitor cells and the role of the extracellular matrix in their niche10.1038/nm1630 ↗
78. Noncanonical Wnt5a signaling regulates tendon stem/progenitor cells senescence10.1186/s13287-021-02605-1 ↗
79. Tendon stem progenitor cells: Understanding the biology to inform therapeutic strategies for tendon repair10.1002/jor.24156 ↗
80. Generation of neo-tendon using synthetic polymers seeded with tenocytes
81. Bridging tendon defects using autologous tenocyte engineered tendon in a hen model
82. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth10.1096/fj.201901503R ↗
83. Repair of tendon defect with dermal fibroblast engineered tendon in a porcine model10.1089/ten.2006.12.775 ↗
84. Induction of predominant tenogenic phenotype in human dermal fibroblasts via synergistic effect of TGF-β and elongated cell shape10.1152/ajpcell.00300.2015 ↗
85. Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for achilles tendon repair10.1002/jor.1100160403 ↗
86. Stromal Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells10.3109/10428199909167382 ↗
87. The revitalisation of flexor tendon allografts with bone marrow stromal cells and mechanical stimulation: An ex vivo model revitalising flexor tendon allografts10.1302/2046-3758.63.BJR-2016-0207.R1 ↗
88. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote rotator cuff tendon-bone healing by promoting angio-genesis and regulating M1 macrophages in rats10.1186/s13287-020-02005-x ↗
89. Expression of TGF-beta and its receptors in murine fetal and adult dermal wounds
90. Stepwise differentiation of human embryonic stem cells promotes tendon regeneration by secreting fetal tendon matrix and differentiation factors10.1002/stem.61 ↗
91. Efficacy of hESC-MSCs in knitted silk-collagen scaffold for tendon tissue engineering and their roles10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.011 ↗
92. Well-aligned chitosan-based ultrafine fibers committed teno-lineage differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells for Achilles tendon regeneration10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.051 ↗
93. Generation of a tendon-like tissue from human iPS cells10.1177/20417314221074018 ↗
94. Equine induced pluripotent stem cells have a reduced tendon differentiation capacity compared to embryonic stem cells
95. Comparative Analysis of Tenogenic Gene Expression in Tenocyte-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Response to Biochemical and Biomechanical Stimuli10.1155/2021/8835576 ↗
96. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived tenocyte-like cells promote the regeneration of injured tendons in mice10.1038/s41598-020-61063-6 ↗
97. Grafting of iPS cell-derived tenocytes promotes motor function recovery after Achilles tendon rupture10.1038/s41467-021-25328-6 ↗
98. Homing of adipose-derived stem cells to a tendon-derived hydrogel: A potential mechanism for improved tendon-bone interface and tendon healing10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.05.003 ↗
99. Rat adipose-derived stromal cells expressing BMP4 induce ectopic bone formation in vitro and in vivo10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00449.x ↗
100. The effect of tendon stem/progenitor cell (TSC) sheet on the early tendon healing in a rat Achilles tendon injury model10.1016/j.actbio.2016.06.026 ↗