journal article·2026-03-17

Ultrahigh Strength and Exceptional Ductility in a Bimodal-Grain-Structured Co–Cr–W–Ni Alloy at Cryogenic Temperature

Yanming Chen, Changshun Wang, Chenglin Li

Publisher page

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Research context

OpenAlex topics: High Temperature Alloys and Creep · Microstructure and mechanical properties · Advanced materials and composites

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (52)

Show source-provided references
1. Y.H. Wang, Y.B. Zhang, A. Godfrey, J.M. Kang, Y. Peng, T.S. Wang, N. Hansen, X.X. Huang, Cryogenic toughness in a low-cost austenitic steel. Commun. Mater. 2(1), 44 (2021)10.1038/s43246-021-00149-8 ↗
2. E.P. George, D. Raabe, R.O. Ritchie, High-entropy alloys. Nat. Rev. Mater. 4(8), 515–534 (2019)10.1038/s41578-019-0121-4 ↗
3. Z. Li, K.G. Pradeep, Y. Deng, D. Raabe, C.C. Tasan, Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength–ductility trade-off. Nature 534, 227–227 (2016)10.1038/nature17981 ↗
4. X. Gao, R. Chen, T. Liu, H. Fang, G. Qin, Y. Su, J. Guo, High-entropy alloys: a review of mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms at cryogenic temperatures. J. Mater. Sci. 57(12), 6573–6606 (2022)10.1007/s10853-022-07066-2 ↗
5. B. Gludovatz, A. Hohenwarter, D. Catoor, E.H. Chang, E.P. George, R.O. Ritchie, A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic applications. Science 345(6201), 1153–1158 (2014)10.1126/science.1254581 ↗
6. B. Gludovatz, A. Hohenwarter, K.V.S. Thurston, H. Bei, Z. Wu, E.P. George, R.O. Ritchie, Exceptional damage-tolerance of a medium-entropy alloy CrCoNi at cryogenic temperatures. Nat. Commun. 7, 10602 (2016)10.1038/ncomms10602 ↗
7. Z. Wang, W. Lu, D. Raabe, Z. Li, On the mechanism of extraordinary strain hardening in an interstitial high-entropy alloy under cryogenic conditions. J. Alloys Compd. 781, 734–743 (2019)10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.061 ↗
8. J. Moon, E. Tabachnikova, S. Shumilin, T. Hryhorova, Y. Estrin, J. Brechtl, P.K. Liaw, W. Wang, K.A. Dahmen, A. Zargaran, J.W. Bae, H.-S. Do, B.-J. Lee, H.S. Kim, Deformation behavior of a Co–Cr–Fe–Ni–Mo medium-entropy alloy at extremely low temperatures. Mater. Today 50, 55–68 (2021)10.1016/j.mattod.2021.08.001 ↗
9. S. Takeda, K. Ueki, K. Ueda, M. Nakai, T. Nakano, T. Narushima, Improvement of mechanical properties of Co–Cr–W–Ni alloy tube suitable for balloon-expandable stent applications through heat treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 862, 144505–144505 (2023)10.1016/j.msea.2022.144505 ↗
10. K. Ueki, K. Ueda, M. Nakai, T. Nakano, T. Narushima, Microstructural changes during plastic deformation and corrosion properties of biomedical Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni alloy heat-treated at 873 K. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 49(6), 2393–2404 (2018)10.1007/s11661-018-4597-0 ↗
11. K. Ueki, K. Ueda, T. Narushima, Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-treated Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni alloy for biomedical application. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47(6), 2773–2782 (2016)10.1007/s11661-016-3488-5 ↗
12. K. Ueki, S. Yanagihara, K. Ueda, M. Nakai, T. Nakano, T. Narushima, Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off by the combination of static recrystallization and low-temperature heat-treatment in Co-Cr-W-Ni alloy for stent application. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 766, 138400 (2019)10.1016/j.msea.2019.138400 ↗
13. S. Yanagihara, K. Ueki, K. Ueda, M. Nakai, T. Nakano, T. Narushima, Development of low-yield stress Co–Cr–W–Ni alloy by adding 6 mass pct Mn for balloon-expandable stents. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 52(9), 4137–4145 (2021)10.1007/s11661-021-06374-7 ↗
14. C.L. Li, C.H. Park, S.W. Choi, S.W. Lee, J.K. Hong, J.T. Yeom, High strength and high ductility in the Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni alloy having a bimodal grain structure achieved by static recrystallization. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 732, 70–77 (2018)10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.104 ↗
15. C.L. Li, S.W. Choi, J.M. Oh, J.K. Hong, J.T. Yeom, J.H. Kang, Q.S. Mei, C.H. Park, Bimodal grain structures and tensile properties of a biomedical Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni alloy with different pre-strains. Rare Met. 40(1), 20–30 (2021)10.1007/s12598-020-01566-3 ↗
16. C.L. Li, J.M. Oh, J.T. Yeom, C.H. Park, Bimodal grain-structure formation in a Co–Cr-based superalloy during ultrahigh-homologous-temperature annealing without severe plastic deformation. J. Alloys Compd. 783, 173–178 (2019)10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.320 ↗
17. C.L. Li, J.M. Oh, S.W. Choi, J.K. Hong, J.T. Yeom, X.M. Mei, Q. Mei, Z. Yu, C.H. Park, Study on microstructure and mechanical property of a biomedical Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni alloy during multi-pass thermomechanical processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 785, 139388 (2020)10.1016/j.msea.2020.139388 ↗
18. Y. Lei, C. Li, L. Wan, High-temperature tensile properties of a cobalt-based Co–20Cr–15W–10Ni superalloy with a bimodal grain structure. Crystals 13(2), 232 (2023)10.3390/cryst13020232 ↗
19. C.L. Li, J.M. Oh, S.W. Choi, X.M. Mei, J.K. Hong, J.T. Yeom, Q.S. Mei, Z.T. Yu, C.H. Park, Thermal stability of bimodal grain structure in a cobalt-based superalloy subjected to high-temperature exposure. Rare Met. 40(4), 877–884 (2021)10.1007/s12598-020-01627-7 ↗
20. Y. Li, Y. Lu, W. Li, M. Khedr, H. Liu, X. Jin, Hierarchical microstructure design of a bimodal grained twinning-induced plasticity steel with excellent cryogenic mechanical properties. Acta Mater. 158, 79–94 (2018)10.1016/j.actamat.2018.06.019 ↗
21. S.J. Sun, Y.Z. Tian, H.R. Lin, H.J. Yang, X.G. Dong, Y.H. Wang, Z.F. Zhang, Achieving high ductility in the 1.7 GPa grade CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy at 77K. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 740–741, 336–341 (2019)10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.094 ↗
22. D.Y. Li, Z.M. Li, L. Xie, Y. Zhang, W.R. Wang, Cryogenic mechanical behavior of a TRIP-assisted dual-phase high-entropy alloy. Nano Res. 15(6), 4859–4866 (2022)10.1007/s12274-021-3719-y ↗
23. S.J. Sun, Y.Z. Tian, X.H. An, H.R. Lin, J.W. Wang, Z.F. Zhang, Ultrahigh cryogenic strength and exceptional ductility in ultrafine-grained CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy with fully recrystallized structure. Mater. Today Nano 4, 46–53 (2018)10.1016/j.mtnano.2018.12.002 ↗
24. J.W. Bae, J.B. Seol, J. Moon, S.S. Sohn, M.J. Jang, H.Y. Um, B.J. Lee, H.S. Kim, Exceptional phase-transformation strengthening of ferrous medium entropy alloys at cryogenic temperatures. Acta Mater. 161, 388–399 (2018)10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.057 ↗
25. A. Lavakumar, S. Yoshida, J. Punyafu, S. Ihara, Y. Chong, H. Saito, N. Tsuji, M. Murayama, Yield and flow properties of ultra-fine, fine, and coarse grain microstructures of FeCoNi equiatomic alloy at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Scripta Mater. 230, 115392 (2023)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115392 ↗
26. K.S. Zhang, J.L. Chen, E.G. Zhang, R. Wei, S.H. Yuan, S. Zhang, Z.H. Han, C. Chen, T. Wang, F.S. Li, Strengthening of Fe50Mn25Ni10Cr15 medium-entropy alloys by Mo addition for cryogenic applications. Adv. Eng. Mater. 24(7), 2101363 (2022)10.1002/adem.202101363 ↗
27. Y.H. Zhou, J.Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, X.Y. Yao, J.H. Luan, Q. Li, S.F. Liu, B. Xiao, J. Ju, S.J. Zhao, Y.L. Zhao, Z.Y. Sun, H. Nan, M. Yan, T. Yang, A strong-yet-ductile high-entropy alloy in a broad temperature range from cryogenic to elevated temperatures. Acta Mater. 268, 119770 (2024)10.1016/j.actamat.2024.119770 ↗
28. Y. Zuo, Y. Fu, R.L. Xiong, H.B. Peng, H. Wang, Y.H. Wen, S.G. Kim, D. Lee, H.S. Kim, Cryogenic deformation strengthening mechanisms in FeMnSiNiAl high-entropy alloys. Acta Mater. 283, 120554 (2025)10.1016/j.actamat.2024.120554 ↗
29. F. Wang, M. Song, M.N. Elkot, N. Yao, B.H. Sun, M. Song, Z.W. Wang, D. Raabe, Shearing brittle intermetallics enhances cryogenic strength and ductility of steels. Science 384(6699), 1017–1022 (2024)10.1126/science.ado2919 ↗
30. L.F. Sun, Z.F. He, N. Jia, Y.X. Guo, S. Jiang, Y.L. Yang, Y.X. Liu, X.J. Guan, Y.F. Shen, H.L. Yan, P.K. Liaw, Local chemical order enables an ultrastrong and ductile high-entropy alloy in a cryogenic environment. Sci. Adv. 10(48), eadq6398 (2024)10.1126/sciadv.adq6398 ↗
31. Q. Li, T.W. Zhang, J.W. Qiao, S.G. Ma, D. Zhao, P. Lu, Z.H. Wang, Mechanical properties and deformation behavior of dual-phase Al0.6CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys with heterogeneous structure at room and cryogenic temperatures. J. Alloys Compd. 816, 152663 (2020)10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152663 ↗
32. J. Favre, Y. Koizumi, A. Chiba, D. Fabregue, E. Maire, Deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization of biomedical Co-Cr-W-Ni (L-605) alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 44(6), 2819–2830 (2013)10.1007/s11661-012-1602-x ↗
33. V.A. Kumar, R.K. Gupta, S.V.S.N. Murty, A. Durga, Hot workability and microstructure control in Co20Cr15W10Ni cobalt- based superalloy. J. Alloys Compd. 676, 527–541 (2016)10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.03.186 ↗
34. M. Knezevic, J.S. Carpenter, M.L. Lovato, R.J. McCabe, Deformation behavior of the cobalt-based superalloy Haynes 25: experimental characterization and crystal plasticity modeling. Acta Mater. 63, 162–168 (2014)10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.021 ↗
35. Z.Y. Lyu, X.S. Fan, C. Lee, S.Y. Wang, R. Feng, P.K. Liaw, Fundamental understanding of mechanical behavior of high-entropy alloys at low temperatures: a review. J. Mater. Res. 33(19), 2998–3010 (2018)10.1557/jmr.2018.273 ↗
36. N. Yao, T.W. Lu, K. Feng, B.H. Sun, R.Z. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Xie, P.C. Zhao, B.L. Han, X.C. Zhang, S.T. Tu, Ultrastrong and ductile additively manufactured precipitation-hardening medium-entropy alloy at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Acta Mater. 236, 118142 (2022)10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118142 ↗
37. S. Huang, W. Li, S. Lu, F.Y. Tian, J. Shen, E. Holmström, L. Vitos, Temperature dependent stacking fault energy of FeCrCoNiMn high entropy alloy. Scr. Mater. 108, 44–47 (2015)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.05.041 ↗
38. N.L. Okamoto, S. Fujimoto, Y. Kambara, M. Kawamura, Z.M.T. Chen, H. Matsunoshita, K. Tanaka, H. Inui, E.P. George, Size effect, critical resolved shear stress, stacking fault energy, and solid solution strengthening in the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. Sci. Rep. 6(1), 35863 (2016)10.1038/srep35863 ↗
39. G. Laplanche, A. Kostka, C. Reinhart, J. Hunfeld, G. Eggeler, E.P. George, Reasons for the superior mechanical properties of medium-entropy CrCoNi compared to high-entropy CrMnFeCoNi. Acta Mater. 128, 292–303 (2017)10.1016/j.actamat.2017.02.036 ↗
40. Z. Li, S. Ma, S. Zhao, W. Zhang, F. Peng, Q. Li, T. Yang, C.-Y. Wu, D. Wei, Y.-C. Chou, P.K. Liaw, Y. Gao, Z. Wu, Achieving superb strength in single-phase FCC alloys via maximizing volume misfit. Mater. Today 63, 108–119 (2023)10.1016/j.mattod.2023.02.012 ↗
41. N. Hansen, Hall-petch relation and boundary strengthening. Scr. Mater. 51(8), 801–806 (2004)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.06.002 ↗
42. T. Gladman, Precipitation hardening in metals. Mater. Sci. Technol. 15(1), 30–36 (1999)10.1179/026708399773002782 ↗
43. Y.J. Wang, J.J. Sun, T. Jiang, Y. Sun, S.W. Guo, Y.N. Liu, A low-alloy high-carbon martensite steel with 2.6 GPa tensile strength and good ductility. Acta Mater. 158, 247–256 (2018)10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.060 ↗
44. J. Jiang, T.B. Britton, A.J. Wilkinson, Measurement of geometrically necessary dislocation density with high resolution electron backscatter diffraction: effects of detector binning and step size. Ultramicroscopy 125, 1–9 (2013)10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.11.003 ↗
45. S. Berbenni, V. Favier, M. Berveiller, Impact of the grain size distribution on the yield stress of heterogeneous materials. Int. J. Plast. 23(1), 114–142 (2007)10.1016/j.ijplas.2006.03.004 ↗
46. M. Zha, H.M. Zhang, Z.Y. Yu, X.H. Zhang, X.T. Meng, H.Y. Wang, Q.C. Jiang, Bimodal microstructure - a feasible strategy for high-strength and ductile metallic materials. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34(2), 257–264 (2018)10.1016/j.jmst.2017.11.018 ↗
47. S.W. Wu, G. Wang, Q. Wang, Y.D. Jia, J. Yi, Q.J. Zhai, J.B. Liu, B.A. Sun, H.J. Chu, J. Shen, P.K. Liaw, C.T. Liu, T.Y. Zhang, Enhancement of strength-ductility trade-off in a high-entropy alloy through a heterogeneous structure. Acta Mater. 165, 444–458 (2019)10.1016/j.actamat.2018.12.012 ↗
48. J. Bach, M. Stoiber, L. Schindler, H.W. Höppel, M. Göken, Deformation mechanisms and strain rate sensitivity of bimodal and ultrafine-grained copper. Acta Mater. 186, 363–373 (2020)10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.044 ↗
49. X. Wu, M. Yang, F. Yuan, G. Wu, Y. Wei, X. Huang, Y. Zhu, Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112(47), 14501–14505 (2015)10.1073/pnas.1517193112 ↗
50. X.T. Fang, G.Z. He, C. Zheng, X.L. Ma, D. Kaoumi, Y.S. Li, Y.T. Zhu, Effect of heterostructure and hetero-deformation induced hardening on the strength and ductility of brass. Acta Mater. 186, 644–655 (2020)10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.037 ↗
51. H.K. Park, K. Ameyama, J. Yoo, H. Hwang, H.S. Kim, Additional hardening in harmonic structured materials by strain partitioning and back stress. Mater. Res. Lett. 6(5), 261–267 (2018)10.1080/21663831.2018.1439115 ↗
52. H.E. Sabzi, A. Zarei Hanzaki, H.R. Abedi, R. Soltani, A. Mateo, J.J. Roa, The effects of bimodal grain size distributions on the work hardening behavior of a transformation-twinning induced plasticity steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 678, 23–32 (2016)10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.085 ↗