Composite scaffolds comprising spherical CaCO3–loaded decellularized porcine skin and kelp ECM for hemostasis and wound healing: In vitro and in vivo study

In this study, a biologically active wound-healing scaffold was prepared by introducing spherical CaCO₃, obtained from oyster shells, into a scaffold comprising porcine skin and kelp extracellular matrix. The decellularization process removed cellular and nuclear residues from skin and kelp tissues while retaining the major structural proteins and essential growth factors. The synthesized CaCO₃ adopted a stable calcite form, thereby enhancing the structural integrity and Ca²⁺ release from the scaffold. Among all compositions, SKC-10 exhibited optimal physicochemical properties, with a swelling ratio, degradation rate, and pH that are favorable for sustained ion release. Furthermore, it exhibited antioxidant activity and antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, it enhanced fibroblast viability and migration and exhibited excellent in vitro hemocompatibility and hemostatic ability. In vivo study results revealed a 96.73% wound closure rate and regeneration within 2 weeks. The early expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and alpha-smooth muscle actin suggests angiogenesis acceleration and wound contraction. This study proposes an effective method for integrating marine- and animal-derived biomaterials into next-generation scaffolds, thereby combining biochemical functionality and mechanical stability, which is optimal for wound repair applications.