Facile synthesis of Mn ₂ SnO ₄ @C composite from sugarcane bagasse as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract This study presents the facile synthesis of a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), based on a composite of Mn ₂ SnO ₄ and carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), denoted as Mn ₂ SnO ₄ @C. The synthesis involved the impregnation followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C for 2 h, which not only utilized sugarcane bagasse as a cost-effective carbon source but also enabled in situ incorporation of Mn ₂ SnO ₄ into a carbon matrix, using MnCl ₂ /SnCl ₂ salt mixtures as the precursors. The composite demonstrates a unique structure associated with the transition of metal oxides during lithiation/delithiation cycles. Electrochemical evaluations reveal that the Mn ₂ SnO ₄ @C composite exhibits excellent lithium storage performance, including a high specific capacity and good cycling stability described by the high capacity of 971 mAh g ⁻¹ at the first discharge cycle and the discharge capacity of 541 mA g ⁻¹ obtained during the final cycles of 80 cycles process. Additionally, coulombic efficiency reached over 95% after the first three cycles and achieved 100% thereafter. These results draw attention to the potential of the Mn ₂ SnO ₄ @C composite as a promising anode material for next-generation LIBs. Furthermore, this work highlights the feasibility of utilizing agricultural biomass as an eco-friendly and cost-effective product for advanced energy storage systems.