Design and fabrication of bio-hybrid materials using inkjet printing

The integration of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, or enzymes into functional materials, whether through physical or chemical coupling, remains a critical processing step in the fabrication of engineered biosensors or tissue scaffolds, where anisotropy and composition can directly impact material function and host integration. A means to achieve these features is through the selective patterning of biomolecules, which is used to recruit and direct cell growth in vitro. The authors describe the design of protein-based materials using inkjet printing and discuss how fluid physical properties of the formulated inks influence pattern formation and material performance. When interfaced with carbon nanotubes, the biohybrid films retain their chemical signature but with enhanced structural stability and electrical conductivity over time. These structures also support the adhesion and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts. Together, these properties demonstrate the utility of printed biohybrid films as materials that can conceivably be used to recapitulate or enhance biological function for tissue engineering applications.