Enhancing cycle performance of lead-carbon battery anodes by lead-doped porous carbon composite and graphite additives

Abstract By using both lead-doped porous carbon composite and graphite, a hybrid carbon additive was designed to inhibit irreversible sulfation so as to enhance the cycle performance of lead-carbon battery anodes. The synergistic action mechanism was studied. We show that the hybrid carbon additive presents a unique structure of sheets attached to porous bulk, and this structure could confine the lead particles between graphite sheet and porous carbon to independently proceed the higher-rate charge-discharge testing. The separated lead nanoparticles could effectively inhibit the hydrogen evolution induced by carbon and enhance the reversible reaction of Pb/PbSO4, which prolong the cycle life of lead-carbon batteries.