Acellular dermal matrix in oral soft tissue regeneration: advances, challenges, and future perspectives

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is a novel tissue-engineering material that has been widely used in fields such as burn treatment and plastic surgery. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that ADM, due to its excellent biocompatibility, angiogenic potential, and biodegradability, has been effectively applied in the repair of oral soft tissue defects. Herein, we aim to systematically review the research progress on the application of ADM in oral soft tissue regeneration and to explore its prospects. Currently, ADM demonstrates significant clinical efficacy in periodontal tissue regeneration, peri -implant soft tissue augmentation, oral mucosal defect repair, and maxillary sinus fistula closure, with high success rates and minimal adverse reactions. The material’s unique porous structure promotes cellular migration and proliferation, while it has low immunogenicity ensures excellent tissue compatibility. However, challenges persist, including potential residual xenogeneic antigens and the need to balance degradation with tissue regeneration rates. To address these limitations, researchers are focusing on optimizing preparation protocols, precisely controlling degradation kinetics, and developing personalized treatment approaches. Looking forward, the integration of ADM with cutting-edge technologies such as stem cell therapy, nanovesicles, 3D bioprinting, and gene editing holds tremendous potential for advancing its applications in oral medicine, paving the way for more effective and predictable tissue regeneration outcomes.