Stability of Doped Ruthenium Oxide as Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a promising technology for hydrogen production due to its high efficiency and low operating temperature. Although iridium-based catalysts are traditionally used as anode materials, their scarcity and high cost have shifted scientific attention to ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) as a leading anodic electrocatalyst. However, the poor stability of RuO 2 under operating conditions limits its practical application. Doping with foreign elements has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance the stability of RuO 2 -based catalysts by modifying their electronic structure. This review summarizes recent advancements in doped RuO 2 catalysts and provides mechanistic insights into the stability enhancements conferred by various dopants. It also discusses key challenges and outlines future perspectives for RuO 2 -based catalysts, with a focus on facilitating their commercialization in PEMWE systems.