Antimony Sulfide-Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

Owing to its high theoretical specific capacity, effective working voltage, and abundant raw materials, antimony sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ) was regarded as one promising anode material for electrochemical energy conversion and storage, especially regarding alkali-ion (Li +, Na +, and K + ) batteries. Currently, using chemical agents or minerals as precursors, numerous strategies have been utilized to prepare multiple-morphology Sb 2 S 3 electrodes accompanied by remarkable energy-storage performances. Therefore, analyzing the traits of chemically synthesized Sb 2 S 3 and natural stibnite-based anodes was of great importance for further exploration about this type of material. In this review, recent achievements of Sb 2 S 3 -based composites for LIBs/SIBs/PIBs were overviewed solidly from varied synthesis routes (chemical synthesis and direct preparation) and dimensional designing (low-dimensional structures and 3D structures). Also, the corresponding Li + /Na + /K + -storage mechanisms and series of modification strategies for Sb 2 S 3 (containing impurity-removing, nanostructure-optimization, carbon-incorporating, and external metal matrix recombination) were explored in this paper. This work is expected to summarize the characteristics of Sb 2 S 3 -based anode materials for alkali-ion battery systems and further shed light on their prospects and challenges.