The Toxicity of Secondary Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Components
Source abstract
Abstract
Currently, apart from the widely known lithium-ion batteries, there are competitive solutions in the form of, for example, Li-S batteries. While the results of studies on the toxicity of Li-ion battery components are published, such studies on the components of Li-S cells are just beginning. The purpose of the current review was to identify materials used in the production of Li-S batteries and their toxicity, especially for humans. The review showed many kinds of materials with different levels of toxicity utilized for manufacturing of these cells. Some materials are of low toxicity, while some others are of the high one. A lot of materials have assigned different hazard statements. For some of the materials, no hazard statements were assigned, although such materials are toxic. No data related to the toxicity of some materials were found in the literature. This points out the need to further studies on their toxicity and legal actions to assign appropriate hazard statements.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Battery Technologies Research · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Advancements in Battery Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Vehicles and Fundamentals of Machine Design, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Numerical simulation model for the preliminary design of hybrid electric city bus power train with polymer electrolyte fuel cell10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.135 ↗
2. Strategies for Dimensioning Two-Wheeled Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Numerical Analysis Software10.1002/fuce.201500174 ↗
3. Dynamic modeling of a hybrid electric system based on an anion exchange membrane fuel cell10.1080/23311916.2017.1357891 ↗
4. Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage10.1038/nmat3191 ↗
5. Toxicity, a serious concern of thermal runaway from commercial Li-ion battery10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.031 ↗
6. Risk assessment of lithium-ion battery explosion: Chemical leakages10.1080/10937404.2019.1601815 ↗
7. Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries10.1021/cr500062v ↗
8. Recent advances in lithium sulfide cathode materials and their use in lithium sulfur batteries10.1002/aenm.201500110 ↗
9. Advances in lithium-sulfur batteries based on multifunctional cathodes and electrolytes10.1038/nenergy.2016.132 ↗
10. Life cycle assessment of lithium sulfur battery for electric vehicles10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.036 ↗
11. High energy rechargeable Li-S cells for EV application. status, remaining problems and solutions10.1149/1.3414001 ↗
12. Herbert, D., and Ulam, J. (1962). Electric dry cells and storage batteries. (3,043,896), U.S. Patent.
13. Rao, M.L.B. (1968). Organic electrolyte cells. (3,413,154), U.S. Patent.
14. Chem-Supply PTY Ltd. (2020, May 22). Sulfur. Available online: https://www.chemsupply.com.au/documents/ST0061CH71.pdf.
15. Sigma-Aldrich (2020, May 20). Sulfur. Available online: www.sigma-aldrich.com.
16. Advances in Li-S batteries10.1039/b925751a ↗
17. A review on Li-S batteries as a high efficiency rechargeable lithium battery10.1149/2.096308jes ↗
18. Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries—A review10.1039/c3cc46131a ↗
19. New approaches for high energy density lithium-sulfur battery cathodes10.1021/ar3001348 ↗
20. Challenges and prospects of lithium-sulfur batteries10.1021/ar300179v ↗
21. Lithium/sulfur batteries with high specific energy: Old challenges and new opportunities10.1039/c2nr33044j ↗
22. Lithium-sulfur batteries: Electrochemistry, materials, and prospects10.1002/anie.201304762 ↗
23. Recent advances in lithium-sulfur batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.111 ↗
24. High performance lithium-sulfur batteries: Advances and challenges10.1039/C4TA02097A ↗
25. Advances in Cathode Materials for High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries10.1016/j.isci.2018.07.021 ↗
26. Paul Scherrer Institut (2020, May 20). A new generation of lithium batteries is approaching industrial implementation. Available online: https://www.psi.ch/en/media/our-research/lithium-sulfur-battery.
27. Comparison of the state of Lithium-Sulphur and lithium-ion batteries applied to electromobility10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.008 ↗
28. Daniel, C., and Besenhard, J.O. (2011). Chapter 24—Lithium–Sulfur Batteries. Handbook of Battery Materials, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA. [2nd ed.].10.1002/9783527637188 ↗
29. Atomic layer deposited TiO2 on a nitrogen-doped graphene/sulfur electrode for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries10.1039/C5EE03902A ↗
30. Toxicity Mechanism of Graphene Oxide and Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots in RBCs Revealed by Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy10.1039/C4TX00138A ↗
31. (2020, May 22). CamGraph Graphene Powder. Available online: https://cambridgenanosystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/CNS_CamGraph_MSDS_V1.0.pdf.
32. (2020, May 20). Conductive Graphene Sheets. Available online: www.graphene-supermarket.com.
33. Sol gel graphene/TiO2 nanoparticles for the photocatalytic-assisted sensing and abatement of NO210.1016/j.apcatb.2018.10.032 ↗
34. The electronic structure and optical response of rutile, anatase and brookite TiO210.1088/0953-8984/24/19/195503 ↗
35. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Risk for Human Health?10.2174/1389557516666160321114341 ↗
36. LTS Research Laboratories Inc. (2020, May 22). Titanium Oxide. Available online: https://www.ltschem.com/msds/TiO2.pdf.
37. Free-standing TiO2 nanowire–embedded graphene hybrid membrane for advanced Li/dissolved polysulfide batteries10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.029 ↗
38. High-performance lithium–sulfur batteries with a carbonized bacterial cellulose/TiO2 modified separator10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.058 ↗
39. A Review on the toxicology and dietetic role of bacterial cellulose10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.09.005 ↗
40. Efficient synthesis of graphene nanoscrolls for fabricating sulfur-loaded cathode and flexible hybrid interlayer toward high-performance Li–S batteries10.1021/acsami.6b13455 ↗
41. Supercapacitor behavior with KCl electrolyte10.1006/jssc.1998.8128 ↗
42. Electrochemical capacitors with KCl electrolyte
43. High energy density and enhanced stability of asymmetric supercapacitors with mesoporous MnO2@CNT and nanodot MoO3@CNT free-standing films10.1016/j.ensm.2017.12.009 ↗
44. Recent developments in nanostructured anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries10.1039/c0ee00699h ↗
45. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2020, May 16). PubChem Database, Available online: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Manganese-dioxide.
46. LTS Research Laboratories, Inc. (2020, May 22). Manganese oxide CAS No.: 1317-35-7. Available online: https://www.ltschem.com/msds/Mn3O4.pdf.
47. Suppressing self-discharge and shuttle effect of lithium–sulfur batteries with V2O5-decorated carbon nanofiber interlayer10.1002/smll.201602539 ↗
48. Monash University (2020, May 20). Carbon fibre composites. Available online: https://www.monash.edu/ohs/info-docs/safety-topics/chemical-management/carbon-fibre-composites-ohs-information-sheet.
49. Ultimate limits to intercalation reactions for lithium batteries10.1021/cr5003003 ↗
50. EVRAZ Stratcor, Inc. (2020, May 20). Vanadium Pentoxide [V2O5]. Available online: www.evrazstratcor.com.
51. Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Battery10.1016/0378-7753(89)80133-8 ↗
52. Recent innovative configurations in high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries10.1039/C7TA00290D ↗
53. Nole, D.A., and Moss, V. (1970). Battery employing lithium-sulphur electrodes with non-aqueous electrolyte. (3,532,543), U.S. Patent.
54. High energy density lithium cells: Part II. Cathodes and complete cells10.1016/S0022-0728(76)80072-1 ↗
55. A Lithium/Dissolved Sulfur Battery with an Organic Electrolyte10.1149/1.2129079 ↗
56. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2020, May 15). PubChem Database, Available online: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lithium-hexafluoroarsenate.
57. Electrochemical performance of lithium/sulfur cells with three different polymer electrolytes10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00432-8 ↗
58. Preparation and electrochemical properties of lithium–sulfur polymer batteries10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00050-2 ↗
59. Electrochemical Performance of Lithium Sulfur Batteries with Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes based on P(VdF-co-HFP)10.5229/JKES.2010.13.2.110 ↗
60. The Electrochemical Properties of Poly(acrylonitrile) Polymer Electrolyte for Li/S Battery10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.510-511.50 ↗
61. Electrochemical and interfacial properties of (PEO)10LiCF3SO3−Al2O3 nanocomposite polymer electrolytes using ball milling10.1007/BF03027323 ↗
62. Cycling Lithium–Sulfur Batteries10.1023/A:1014755428523 ↗
63. Electrochemical properties and interfacial stability of (PEO)10LiCF3SO3–TinO2n−1 composite polymer electrolytes for lithium/sulfur battery10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00226-X ↗
64. Electrochemical characterization and performance improvement of lithium/sulfur polymer batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.07.002 ↗
65. Microporous Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium/Sulfur Cells
66. Electrochemical properties of lithium sulfur cells using PEO polymer electrolytes prepared under three different mixing conditions10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.06.108 ↗
67. Ahn, H.J., Kim, K.W., Ahn, J.H., and Cheruvally, G. (2010). Secondary Batteries—Lithium rechargeable systems: Lithium-sulfur. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00182-9 ↗
68. Moving to a Solid-State Configuration: A Valid Approach to Making Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Viable for Practical Applications10.1002/adma.201002584 ↗
69. A High-Performance Polymer Tin Sulfur Lithium Ion Battery10.1002/anie.200907324 ↗
70. All-solid-state Li/S batteries with highly conductive glass-ceramic electrolytes10.1016/S1388-2481(03)00167-X ↗
71. All-solid-state rechargeable lithium batteries with Li2S as a positive electrode material10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.05.031 ↗
72. All solid-state battery with sulfur electrode and thio-LISICON electrolyte10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.030 ↗
73. Electrochemical properties of sulfur as cathode materials in a solid-state lithium battery with inorganic solid electrolytes10.1016/j.ssi.2003.11.033 ↗
74. An All-solid-state Lithium Battery with Sulfur as Positive Electrode Materials10.1246/cl.2004.376 ↗
75. Electrical properties of lithium conductive silicon sulfide glasses prepared by twin roller quenching10.1016/0167-2738(86)90139-6 ↗
76. Lithium ion conductivity of the Li2S–P2S5 glass-based electrolytes prepared by the melt quenching method10.1016/j.ssi.2007.03.001 ↗
77. Hedya, S.A., Avula, A., and Swoboda, H.D. (2020, May 20). Lithium Toxicity, StatPearls, Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499992/.
78. Central Drug House (P) Ltd. (2020, May 20). Lithium Metal. Available online: www.cdhfinechemical.com.
79. A highly ordered nanostructured carbon-sulphur cathode for lithium-sulphur batteries10.1038/nmat2460 ↗
80. Sulfur-impregnated disordered carbon nanotubes cathode for lithium-sulfur batteries10.1021/nl202297p ↗
81. Smaller sulfur molecules promise better lithium-sulfur batteries10.1021/ja308170k ↗
82. Interface chemistry guided long-cycle-life Li-S battery10.1021/nl4018868 ↗
83. Surface-enhanced redox chemistry of polysulphides on a metallic and polar host for lithium-sulphur batteries10.1038/ncomms5759 ↗
84. Sulphur-TiO2 yolk-shell nanoarchitecture with internal void space for long-cycle lithium-sulphur batteries10.1038/ncomms2327 ↗
85. Yolk-shell structure of polyaniline-coated sulfur for lithium-sulfur batteries10.1021/ja409508q ↗
86. Improving the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries by conductive polymer coating10.1021/nn203436j ↗
87. Rational design of cathode structure for high rate performance lithium-sulfur batteries10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01837 ↗
88. Two-dimensional layered transition metal disulphides for effective encapsulation of high-capacity lithium sulphide cathodes10.1038/ncomms6017 ↗
89. Lithium-sulphur batteries with a microporous carbon paper as a bifunctional interlayer10.1038/ncomms2163 ↗
90. A graphene-pure-sulfur sandwich structure for ultrafast, long-life lithium-sulfur batteries10.1002/adma.201302877 ↗
91. A novel synergistic composite with multi-functional effects for high-performance Li-S batteries10.1039/C6EE00104A ↗
92. 3D vertically aligned and interconnected porous carbon nanosheets as sulfur immobilizers for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries10.1002/aenm.201502518 ↗
93. From hollow carbon spheres to N-doped hollow porous carbon bowls: Rational design of hollow carbon host for Li-S batteries10.1002/aenm.201502539 ↗
94. Lenntech BV (2020, May 20). Chemical properties of carbon—Health effects of carbon—Environmental effects of carbon. Available online: https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/c.htm.
95. Application of gelatin as a binder for the sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.022 ↗
96. Redox-Active Supramolecular Polymer Binders for Lithium−Sulfur Batteries That Adapt Their Transport Properties in Operando10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03013 ↗
97. Kurt J Lesker Company (2020, May 22). Aluminum (pieces). Available online: http://www.nano.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/MSDS/Metals/Al-Aluminium.pdf.
98. The toxicity of aluminium in humans10.1016/j.morpho.2015.12.003 ↗
99. Improved capacity retention of low cost sulfur cathodes enabled by a novel starch binder derived from food10.1039/C4RA10953H ↗
100. Why PEO as a binder or polymer coating increases capacity in the Li–S system10.1039/c3cc44772c ↗