A Grid-Forming Battery Energy System with Mode-Adaptive Virtual Inductance Control

Battery Emergency Mobile Power Systems (BEMPSs) play a critical role in disaster recovery, remote electrification, and grid reinforcement, where resilient, rapidly deployable power supply is essential. However, conventional grid-forming (GFM) control strategies often rely on static parameters, limiting their adaptability during grid disturbances, weak grid conditions, and operational mode transitions. This paper proposes a novel energy-aware adaptive control strategy for GFM inverters, tailored for EMPS applications. First, a multi-mode operation framework is developed to enable seamless transitions among grid-forming, grid-following (GFL), and islanded modes, incorporating a dual-loop circulating current decoupling mechanism to suppress transient current and provide damping. Second, a dynamic virtual inductance regulation scheme is introduced, adaptively modulating output impedance based on DC link energy, PCC voltage fluctuation, and grid strength estimation. Third, an energy-aware control law ensures real-time adjustment of inverter dynamics, enhancing damping performance towards the grid disturbance. Extensive time-domain simulations validate the proposed strategy’s effectiveness under mode switching and power disturbance scenarios. Results demonstrate superior dynamic performance, reduced transient overshoot, and improved system robustness compared to conventional methods, making the proposed controller highly suitable for flexible deployment.